“当代学术开放讲堂”第四讲——“在西方书写中国历史”于三月九号下午两时半在中央美术学院美术馆举行。此次讲堂同时与广西师范大学出版社合作，因而也是一次“理想国文化沙龙”活动。主讲人由世界著名汉学家史景迁(Jonathan D. Spence)、其夫人金安平(Annping Chin)、现任香港城市大学协办中国文化中心（Chinese Civilization Centre）主任的郑培凯教授和主持史景迁先生系列作品中文出版的鄢秀女士组成。本次讲堂还特别邀请了北京大学历史系教授荣新江先生担任主持人。
讲堂伊始，宋晓霞教授作为“当代学术开放讲堂”的学术主持人首先进行了简短的开场白，称史先生的著作所达到的高度是“把学术提到了美的层面”，而后讲述了郑培凯教授则与中央美院的渊源颇深，曾在此举办讲座并与美院的艺术家来往频繁。同时也提到荣新江教授是国内首屈一指的研究敦煌学、中西交通史的大家。本次讲堂内容依照各位主讲人的发言共可分为三部分，分别是一、史景迁与中国文化、历史的渊源及其学术态度和写作习惯；二、郑培凯对学习历史的看法和建议；三、史景迁著作翻译过程中遇到的语言、文化等问题。
郑培凯首先对史景迁抛出两个问题：1、为什么会对中国历史发生兴趣？2、作为一名英国人，这种兴趣跟西方如何看待中国的历史、文化有什么关系？当史先生回答他六岁时候就对中国文化产生了兴趣的时候，引起在场观众一片惊叹！他回忆道，因为父母都热爱艺术，所以常常带他去美术馆、博物馆参观。而且他在孩童时期就看到了一些中国水墨画的作品。加之当时正逢二战，他觉得中国是以一种英雄形象出现的。
在耶鲁大学学习中国历史的时候，史景迁当时的老师是Arthur F. Wright（芮沃寿）和Mary Clalaugh Wright，虽然二人研究中国历史的方向不同（前者主要研究佛教，后者则专注于近代史），但给了他很大的启发和帮助。还有一位则是房兆楹先生，他建议史景迁阅读一些中国的正史书籍。而芮先生让他多关注中国正史记载中的一些“老调重弹”(cliche)，要学会质疑他们。同时，史景迁又非常热爱阅读历史小说，其中的人物、主题很吸引他。所以到最后，他的博士论文是研究生活于十七世纪的康熙皇帝，一位很不好处理的历史人物。
郑培凯接着谈及史景迁在耶鲁大学学习中文的时代是一个特殊的时代，因为二战后，耶鲁大学有很多关于学习中文、日文和两国文化的项目。史先生回应道，上世纪六十年代，美国对中国产生了强烈兴趣，特别是在语言方面。其实在太平洋战争时，就有对中文和日文的训练项目。到了和平时期，就转而对中国和日本文化进行研究。他去读书的时候，这种气氛还在，但是已经没有语言类教学，只有学术研究了。
研究康熙的时候，史景迁又借房兆楹先生之力，得以在台湾接触到一批十分珍贵的史料，对他之后的研究有巨大的帮助。这批史料都是国民党撤退时从故宫博物院带出而后被安置在台中，准备放进新建的台北故宫博物院。他看到了许多康熙亲自批示的奏折，从中了解到一些康熙的个人想法，作为历史人物，他的个人形象也能通过这些细枝末节而变得鲜活。史景迁还调侃道，因为康熙和他都是从成年之后才开始学习汉文，因而他对这位皇帝有同病相怜之感。
面对郑培凯的再次提问：“您第二本书——《改变中国》的写作初衷是什么？”史景迁回答，从晚明利玛窦来华到1949年苏联援助中国工业建设，外国人试图改变近代中国的努力从未间断，其结果或好或坏，也许他们都是处于好心，但更有可能的是，这些人都是带着自身的幻想或是本国固有的经验来改造中国。而且还有很多其他的因素在起作用，比如情感上的偏倚。这其中也反映了长期以来中西方文化的碰撞和交流。《王氏之死：大历史背后的小人物命运》一书也说明了这些文化现象。
史景迁的夫人、金安平女士接着和观众们分享了她眼中，处于学术创作中的史景迁。在找一些史实材料的时候，史景迁通常都十分兴奋和激动，而到了写作的时候，他不能接受任何事物的干扰，通常一天的工作时间会非常长，处于隔离的状态。金女士同时还谈了自身对研究历史的看法，比如如何阅读并使其有效？回答是阅读要找到与你本身预期相悖的东西，这样才能激发阅读的兴趣，从而进行研究。而在教授中国先秦历史的时候，她也会结合美国的文化、文学和政治，进行文化比对，激发出更多的东西。
接着郑培凯就荣新江关于史景迁的著作在当下中国有何意义的问题以个人经历回答道：“我在台湾读大学的专业是西洋文学和比较历史，那时候感觉老师们都无所不知，但是到了美国后，发现所有的教授都乐于让他人知道他们的“不知”，这对我触动很大，提示我们研究历史的时候要关注细节，不仅仅是正史，对生活史也需要留意，抛弃宏观叙事的观念，立足一处，并从多个角度看历史，学会独立思考，形成‘各家之言’。史先生的历史著作中就有一种‘逻辑的叙述’，注重人在历史中的取向和选择。”
最后发言的鄢秀女士讲述了在翻译史先生著作中遇到的语言和文化上的问题，比如对译者除了英文功底深厚的要求外，还需要有文史背景；在将一些中文资料从英文翻译回来时，还要找回原始资料等等。
Q&A
1、如何从“陈词滥调”(cliche)中发现问题？
史：正史中的史实、信息一般都被认为是理所当然的，然而许多史料从不同角度观察会得出不同的结论。比如我在研究清朝时期人们对政府的态度时，发现人们的态度是不一致的，并不是像正史里记载的那样。
2、看到什么样的历史资料会像张岱那样激动地手舞足蹈？
史：随着年龄的增长，人生历练的增多，自然会有新的不同的体验。就像张岱年老时回忆年轻时那样兴奋。
3、中国的现代史并不能很好地反映这个时代，其中有一些缺失和掩盖，这个时候如何看待野史的价值？
郑：所以关于历史的讨论都有一定的偏向，这并不奇怪，所以我们要具备独立思考的能力，材料就在那里，看你怎么使用罢了。要知道，天下没有百分之百真实的历史。
文/周颖南
图/董慧萍
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CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
