On the Museum’s Ruins


文/道格拉斯·克兰普(Douglas Crimp)
文笳 译  吴晶莹 校



在德语中,单词museal(类似博物馆的)有着一种令人不快的意味。这个词指的是那些对旁观者来说无关紧要的,处在死亡过程中的东西。对于它们的保存,更多是出于对历史的尊重,而不仅仅为现时的需要。博物馆(museums)和陵墓(mausoleum)的关联并不止是音形上的相似,事实上,博物馆就是艺术作品的家族墓穴。
                              ——阿多诺:“瓦拉里-普鲁斯特美术博物馆”

希尔顿·克莱默(Hilton Kramer)在回顾大都会博物馆的安德鲁·梅耶陈列室(Andre Meyer Galleries)新布置的19世纪艺术展览时,对于他们将沙龙绘画也囊括在内十分不满。克莱默认为那些沙龙绘画作品具有无聊、做作、毫无生气的特征,即便这种重新布置再往前追溯一个时代,这样的作品仍旧应该老老实实地待在美术博物馆的储藏室里。克莱默写道:

尸体的宿命,归根结底,是要被埋葬的。事实上,沙龙绘画已经非常死气沉沉了。

然而当下,并没有一种艺术如此缺乏生气以至于没有一位艺术史学家能够在其腐朽的遗存中探查出任何一丁点有现实意义的线索。但事实上,在过去的10年里,学术界里仍旧涌现出了一股不容忽视的势力,专注于这种装腔作势的研究。1

克莱默用死亡和腐朽来形容博物馆,不禁令人联想起阿多诺(Adorno)那篇关于卢浮宫瓦拉里与普鲁斯特( Valéry and Proust)分馆的檄文, 文章中提供了与安德鲁·梅耶陈列室(Andre Meyer Galleries)相反的补充案例。阿多诺认为博物馆的死亡是文化悖论所导致的其下所有机构的必然命运。2然而相反,克莱默坚信艺术珍品永垂不朽,他认为所谓兴亡的问题不在于作为载体的美术博物馆或某段艺术史,而在于由艺术品本身独立特性所导致对它的误读和扭曲,以及不恰当的展示。因此,他将格罗姆 (Gerome)的俗艳小品“皮格马利翁与加拉泰亚雕像(Pygmalion and Galatea)”和戈雅的“佩皮托肖像(Petito)”以及马奈的“女人与鹦鹉(Woman with a Parrot)”并置一室,希望借此阐释这种奇妙的转变。何种品味,或者怎样的价值标准能够轻易地容纳如此明显的相反性?

[克莱默认为] 答案应该在于现代主义的死亡,这一被反复讨论的现象。众所周知,由于现代主义运动的兴盛,毫无疑问导致了像格罗姆或布格罗(Bouguereau)等画家的复活。然而,现代主义所强制的道德观和美学观妨碍了艺术的这种发展,随着它的消亡,留给人们的是对这种倒退的品味的警惕。在新的后现代主义思潮下,任何东西都可以‥‥
在大都会美术博物馆展出的19世纪绘画应该被理解为一种后现代主义精神的体现:我们所赋予安德鲁·梅耶陈列室(Andre Meyer Galleries)的是在主流美术博物馆里首次以一种后现代的眼光全面综合地阐释19世纪的艺术。3

我们还有克莱默以进步现代主义者的姿态来伪装其文化道德保守主义的例子。然而,还有一个非常有趣的难题:在我看来,也许由于决定性的部分已经缺席,克莱默聚集的片段并不适合。他所集合的是美术博物馆、艺术史、现代主义和后现代主义。对此,我还要加上照片,使这个难题看起来像这样:由于我想要说明劳申伯格(Rauschenberg)使用照片这种媒介,使其艺术成为后现代主义的开端,美术博物馆话语和所谓知识要求的解构。

“后现代主义(postmodernism)”这个术语最早用在视觉艺术中的是列奥·斯坦伯格(Leo Steinberg)的“另类准则”(Other Criteria)一文,他讨论了罗伯特·劳申伯格(Robert Rauschenberg)的作品以及它把绘画平面转变成斯坦伯格所谓的“平板(flatbed)”印刷机。4这种“平板式画面(flatbed picture plane)”是一种全新的画面。在斯坦伯格看来,它导致了一种从自然到文化的根本性转变。这种画面蕴涵着文化图像和史前古器物大量异质的排列组合,是任何“前现代主义”或是“现代主义”绘画作品都无法比拟的。(斯坦伯格认为,“现代主义”绘画仍然倾向于“自然”地再现人们的观察所见,然而这却是被“后现代主义”画面所以摒弃的。) 尽管当时斯坦伯格也许还尚未能洞察他所提出的“后现代主义”现今使用混乱的术语将产生的深远影响,但是,他对劳申伯格作品寓意的的革命性解读,仍然可以作为一个严谨的课题进行关注与延伸。

如果说,斯坦伯格的《另类准则》和米歇尔·福柯的“考古学”事业有什么共性的话,那么则不仅仅是“后现代主义”这个术语对福柯所提出的“现代主义”“知识型”的排斥,更重要的是,斯坦伯格坚信在有着本质区别的画面上可以收集整理出完全不同的信息系统,恰恰是借用了福柯对于不同历史阶段知识构成的看法:每个历史阶段都有一套异于前期的知识构成规则,这就像一个表格,不同历史阶段对应不同认知体系。

福柯在研究中用诸如中止、决裂、终结、限制、连续、变革之类的概念来替代诸如传统、影响、发展、进化、渊源等人类历史的话语。因此,按照福柯的理论,如果,劳申伯格作品的画面果真具有如斯坦伯格所断言的变革性,那么,它就不能说是由任何一种现代主义的画面引申或发展来的。5而且,如果劳申伯格的“平板型绘画”体现了与“现代主义”的中止或是决裂,正如我所相信的那样,并且许多其他的当代艺术家作品也如此,那么,也许我们确实正在经历福柯所阐释的认知领域的激变性断裂。断裂的彻底性类似于古典主义时代(十七、十八世纪)与现代主义时期、经济和财产分析、自然历史和生物学、一般语法与语文学之间的分离。6然而,并不仅仅在特定历史时期知识领域发生了不为人知的变革,也出现了新的权力机构和与其相依存的新话语。福柯已经分析过疯人院、医院、监狱这些现代的封闭机构。在他看来,正是这些机构产生了各自对应的疯癫、疾病和犯罪等话语。然而还有另一种封闭的权力机构----美术博物馆和另一种约束对象----艺术史正在延伸福柯的分析体系。它们连同摄影、或者更确切的说对摄影的压制和选择性使用,成为我们所讨论的所谓现代艺术的前提,而福柯之前的理论已经提供了如何对此展开思考与分析的方法。



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马奈于19世纪60年代初创作的作品通常被视为现代绘画的开端,而他的作品与艺术史的承传关系可以说是一览无余。“奥林匹亚”里的现代妓女显然是以提香 “乌尔比诺的维纳斯(Venus of Urbino)”中的粉红女郎为原形。显然,除了直接将原图中的姿态、构图,以及特定细节,转化为自己的作品之外,马奈无法以更巧妙的方式解决绘画与其源件的关系。7然而百年之后,劳申伯格以完全不同的方式引用委拉斯贵支(Velazquez)的“镜前的维纳斯(Rokeby Venus)”和鲁本斯的“梳妆的维纳斯(Venus at Her Toilet)”创作了一系列作品。与马奈不同的是,劳申伯格只是简单的将原图的照片以丝网印制的方式印在含有诸如卡车、直升机图像的画面上。如果我们认为卡车和直升机无法贴合“奥林匹亚”的画面,那么显然不仅仅是因为在马奈那个时代这些东西还未被发明,更是因为在现代主义里,要求具象画面内容与构成相一致的传统逻辑不允许这样的作品存在,这与自后现代主义开始出现的完全相反的画面构成逻辑有着根本的不同。福柯在一篇探讨福楼拜的作品《圣·安东尼的诱惑》的檄文中,论述了究竟是什么构成了马奈特定的绘画逻辑:

“草地上的午餐”和“奥林匹亚”也许是最早的“美术博物馆作品”,是欧洲艺术中最早承认绘画与自身的新型而重要的关系的一批绘画(利用表面上与古典大师作品显而易见的联系,以合乎常理的参考资料作为掩护),而对于乔尔乔内、拉斐尔、委拉斯贵支的成就没什么回应。这表明了美术博物馆的存在以及绘画作品在美术博物馆中所获得的特殊现实和相互依存的关系。同一时期,“圣·安东尼的诱惑”则是第一部洞悉图书馆的文学作品:书籍聚集在图书馆里,并静静地滋生着缓慢而无法抗拒的权威,左右着人们的知识。福楼拜之于图书馆,正如马奈之于美术博物馆。他们都对于以前的绘画或文学作品,或是绘画、文学中顽固保守的方面具有自觉的洞察,并以此来创作作品。他们在传统之上建立自身的艺术。他们并非蓄意制造悲伤的气氛----描绘迷失的青年、朝气的缺失和创造力的衰弱----哀伤已然逝去的亚历山大时代的荣耀,而只是想发掘文化的本质:现今的绘画都受制于早已存在于博物馆中的那些规规矩矩的画面;而所有的文学作品也都受制于图书馆中那些密密麻麻的文字。8

在该文中,福柯后来提出,福楼拜在《圣·安东尼的诱惑》里已经蕴含了《布瓦尔与佩居谢(Bouvard and Pecuchet)》的中心思想,或者说,后者是前者言之未尽的阐述和延伸。如果说《圣·安东尼的诱惑》只是客气地指出图书馆衍生出了现代文学,那么《布瓦尔与佩居谢》则毫不留情地指责图书馆是收容所有高高在上的文化典籍的书坑。《布瓦尔和佩谢特》这本小说嘲讽了19世纪中期那些人们盲目接受的前后矛盾、难以自圆其说的愚蠢知识体系。事实上,在福楼拜未完成的最后一部小说中,第二部分就是有关以“受知字典”的。

《布瓦尔与佩居谢》描述了两个一见如故的疯狂巴黎单身汉。他们同为抄写员,同样厌倦城市生活,同样痛恨终日呆在办公桌前。布瓦尔继承了一小笔遗产,于是他们俩在诺曼底买了一处农场,决定从此告别那不得已的巴黎办公生涯。起初,他们打算耕种自己的农场,结果不幸失败。然后,他们从农业转向更专业的树木种植领域。再次失败后,他们又试着作园艺。为了学会这些手艺,每次他们都去阅读各式各样的指导手册,结果却总是发现这些手册的内容前后矛盾,令人困惑。手册上的指示要么含糊不清,要么完全没有可行性,理论与实践似乎永远无法一致。他们屡试屡败,屡败屡试,每次都发现那些自命经典的文字全然无用。他们尝试了化学、生理学、解剖学、地质学、考古学……随着名单的增长,他们最终意识到所依赖的知识体系其实是一个脱离实际的巨大悖论。最终,他们还是没有逃脱抄写的生涯。福楼拜在小说的结尾描述了这么一个情节:

他们抄写所有偶然发现的文字:烟袋、旧报纸、海报、破书等等。(代表着所有范畴的原件和仿制品,)

后来,他们发现需要对这些概念进行分类。他们设置表格,将相对的概念纳入不同的类别,例如国王的罪责和百姓的罪责,宗教的庇护与宗教的罪责,历史的美丽等等。然而有时候,他们会觉得很难将每件事情都归入相应的类别,为此,他们搅尽脑汁,伤透脑筋。

接着!想够了!继续抄写!每一页都必须填满。所有的东西都是平等的,好的、坏的、滑稽的、庄严的、美的、丑的、无聊的、典型的……最终成了统计数据,没什么高下之分,只不过都是些事实、现象而已。

神啊!9

近来,尤金尼奥·多纳托(Eugenio Donato)在关于这篇小说的论文中提出另一种高论:布瓦尔与佩居谢的异常行为也许并不像福柯和其它人所认为地那样事关图书馆,而是在影射博物馆。这不仅因为“博物馆”这个词在小说中是个高高在上的术语,而且还因为它将所有迥然不同的东西都聚集在一起。它不仅包含了图书馆里的一切,甚至还包括了图书馆:

假如布瓦尔和佩居谢的收集没法攒出一个图书馆,也仍然能构成一个私人博物馆。事实上,“博物馆”是该小说的中心概念。它与主人公对考古学、地质学、历史学的兴趣息息相关,作者也正是通过博物馆来清楚地陈述关于起源、因果、表象、象征的疑问。博物馆和其试图要回答的这些问题都依赖于对考古学的认知。它所再现的历史主张都是基于一些关于“本原”的形而上学的假设,而考古学本身就是一门有关“本原”的科学。考古学中的本原有两个重要意义:首先,每件考古器物都必须是历史原件;而这些原件还必须能够反过来解释后来宏大历史的意义。因此,在福楼拜充满讽喻的故事里,波瓦尔和佩居谢所发现的洗礼池,实际上是一块凯尔特的祭司石,而凯尔特文化则主宰着西方文化历史的起源。 10

布瓦尔和佩居谢不仅指出西方文化起源于凯尔特遗址的那几块石头,而且认为关于文化的理解也源于此。这些史前的巨型石柱统帅着他们博物馆对男性生殖器崇拜的精神内涵。

从前,宝塔、金字塔、烛台、界碑、甚至树木都具有阳具的象征意义。但对于布瓦尔和佩居谢来说,几乎所有的东西都象征着阳具。他们收集马车的摆杆、椅子腿、酒窖的门闩、药剂师的研杵。他们会问前来参观的人:你们认为这些看起来像什么?然后告诉这些参观者神秘的答案,如果人们对其反对,他们便只能遗憾地耸耸肩膀。11

福楼拜甚至在男根崇拜器物的子目录里保存了博物馆物品的异质性,这种异质性公然反抗知识体系所需的系统性和同质化。

博物馆展示的物品基于一种试图包罗万象的假想:通过不断地呈现具有指代性的具体零碎物品,将物品转化为标示,将一系列的物品转化为一系列的标示,将能够再现这个不会说话的整体世界。而这种假想则基于一种未经甄别的主观排序和分类,也就是说,这些并置摆放的物品,能够再现出人们对世界的认识。如果没有这种假想作为基础,那么博物馆的物品,就不过是一堆没有意义和价值的摆设,既不能代指什么,也无法隐喻什么。12

福楼拜通过布瓦尔和佩居谢的闹剧反映出对于博物馆的认识:博物馆以继承传统为目的的考古学和历史学规范为基础。因此,它从一开始就是令人怀疑的。博物馆的发展史则是一部不断试图消灭异己、达成统一的历史。能够对博物馆的“摆设”进行有意义排列的信念反映在布瓦尔和佩居谢的行为中,也一直遗留到今天。过去十年,类似安德鲁·梅耶陈列室的藏品重现展屡见不鲜,这也验证了人们对博物馆的信念。然而,最惊动克莱默的则是安德鲁·梅耶陈列室的展览,因为它打破了整个现代主义时期以来的审美标准——巨作中不言而喻的特性,而这是由“任何东西都可行”的后现代主义观念所导致的。试想,如果标准不在了,美术博物馆里那些零星的物件又还能代表什么呢?


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二战以来,促使博物馆解体的里程碑人物应该是安德烈·马尔罗 (Andre Malraux)的“无墙的博物馆”。如果说布瓦尔和佩居谢只是19世纪中期一种对旧式受知模式的滑稽讽喻,那么“无墙的博物馆”则是20世纪中期对此更为夸张的修辞。其中最值得注意的是,马尔罗无意中提到“艺术史同时也是一部人性规训史”。马尔罗通过摄影这种媒介发掘出一种能够体现出艺术本质——均质原则的风格手段。任何能被拍成照片的艺术品都可以纳入马尔罗的超级博物馆。然而,摄影不仅仅是物件、局部、细节等的替身,其本身也具有有机化的功能,它将日益扩大的多样性转化为完美的简单相似性。在摄影图册里,一件小小的贝雕可能紧挨着华丽的意大利彩绘磁盘或一种造型观念。藏于安特卫普的鲁本斯作品细部可能和罗马的米开朗基罗并相比较。艺术史论家的幻灯片讲座、艺术史学生的艺术品比较论述题,都秉承了无墙美术馆的理念。还有另一个有趣的例子,一位当今顶级的艺术史家将古斯塔夫·卡耶波特(Gustave Caillebotte)19世纪70年代创作“巴黎的雨天”时所画的一张鹅卵石街道的细节写生,和罗伯特·雷曼(Robert Ryman)创作的“温莎”系列中的一张作品,左右并排,难以置信!它们简直就是一模一样。13然而,这种艺术本质、样式到底能够提供怎样的知识见解呢?马尔罗这样认为:

在艺术史中,对雕塑的复制是个普遍现象,这使得那些举世公认的巨擎之作得以分身,同时也将其他作品提升到它们应有的位置,还能推出或者说发明一些新的小股风格。现在,我们要将色彩语言介入到艺术史中。在“无墙的博物馆”中,湿壁画、细密画、彩色玻璃窗都是一个大家庭的成员。因为无论是细密画、湿壁画、彩色玻璃、织锦,还是塞西亚徽章、油画、古希腊瓶画、细节,甚至雕像,都可以说是彩色图案。在拍摄整理的过程中,它们失去了作为物体的价值,但是同时也最大程度地获得了对其风格的认可。比如我们很难清楚地分辨埃斯库罗斯的悲剧表演与波斯即兴表演以及萨拉米斯海湾海市蜃楼之间的区别。我们绞尽脑汁地试图去理解它,然而还是非常的困难,一切感觉都只是隐隐的、模糊的、似懂非懂。我们所确定的只有埃斯库罗斯遥不可及的天才。对于失去了原本的特定物性和功能的复制品,情况也是一样的。我们只能将这些复制品当作艺术品来看待,只能对作者的天才能力表示敬仰。或许我们应该称其为艺术的瞬间,而不是作品。然而,尽管各式各样,所有的物品,……都在尽力诉说同一个问题;而那种看不见摸不着的艺术精神,也在极力地怂动着同一个问题……也就是说,照片有幸能将多种多样的物品转化成统一的单位,从雕塑到浮雕、从浮雕到印记,从印记到游牧民族的徽章,都体现着一种“巴比伦风格”。那不仅仅是分类,而且也是一种聚集,是对伟大造物者一生的描述。这些伟大的风格,它们的进化和转变,就像是命运在大地脸上留下的长长疤痕,然而却没有什么能更生动、更夺目地表现出人类宿命的归属。14

所有那些能被称为艺术品的作品,抑或是,那些至少能用来参与摄影翻拍的作品,都可以跻身伟大作品的行列。艺术,作为实体论中的实体,并不是在人类历史中偶然产生的,而是人为的必然结果。这就是“无墙的博物馆”所要证明的观点。同时,这也是艺术史的一个骗局,一种在不经意间被深深烙下的文化原则。

马尔罗在其“无墙的博物馆”的结尾,犯了一个严重错误:他认为能将万般事物归为统一的,唯有摄影而已。当摄影只是作为承载博物馆艺术品的媒介时,情况或许这样。但是,如果摄影作为独立的艺术形式进入博物馆,一幅幅摄影艺术品摆放在展厅里,就重新构成了多样性。如此便形成了一个悖论,它所维护的知识体系也就崩溃了,因为摄影无法从摄影艺术品中提炼出统一风格。


***


在福楼拜的“受知字典”中,“摄影”的条目下写着“将会使得绘画过时”,而“银版摄影”的条目下写着“将会替代绘画的位置”。15其实,在摄影被发明之后的将近半个世纪里,这只是一个被人们传来传去的预言,没有人严肃地探究过摄影将会替代绘画的可能性。直到最近,才有瓦尔特·本雅明(Walter Benjamin)确认了这种设想。他认为摄影将不可避免地对艺术产生深刻影响,甚至可能导致绘画的消失,因为机器复制使得艺术品失去了最为宝贵的灵晕。16于是,战后美国迅速掀起了一股抵制摄影发展,保留绘画激情的风潮。恰在此时,劳申伯格开始在解构绘画的同时,将绘画与摄影融合。

在劳申伯格的艺术早期,说他是画家只是让人觉得有一点别扭,然而,随着60年代他开始系统地运用摄影图像,就越来越难以将他的作品归入绘画。准确地说,他的作品是一种印刷的杂交形式,而工作方法显然从制造(收集、组装)转变成复制(丝网、间接绘画)。这种变化迫使我们将劳申伯格的作品归入后现代主义范畴。通过机器复制技术,后现代主义的艺术品失去了灵晕。那种古典的造物梦想让位于赤裸裸地挪用、引用、抄录、堆积、复制现存图像的做法。17原创、真实性、在场……作为博物馆既成的理论精髓,已经悄悄地被动摇了。劳申伯格不止一次地盗用了委拉斯贵支的《镜中的维纳斯》,把维纳斯的形象直接印在自己的作品中。在《藏红花(Crocus)》里,她和蚊子、卡车,还有拿镜子的丘比特挤在一起;在《横挡(Transom)》里,她再次和直升飞机、反复出现的曼哈顿屋顶水塔混在一起;在《自行车(Bicycle)》里,她又和《藏红花》里的卡车、《横挡》里的直升飞机,以及帆船、云朵、老鹰叠在一起;在《阴天-III(Overcast-III)》里,她侧卧在三个舞蹈演员的头上;在《突破(Break-Through)》中,她躺在华盛顿的雕像和一把车钥匙的上面。这种毋庸置疑的异类混合,通过摄影和博物馆体现在劳申伯格的每一张作品中。更重要的是,它还会从一张作品延伸到另一张作品。

马尔罗为他的博物馆理论所具有的无穷无尽的可能性而洋洋得意,由他的理论推导,仅仅通过重组照片,人们就可以建立各种全新的图解系统和风格体系。这种推导最终由劳申伯格付诸实践,尽管如此,劳申伯格却对马尔罗的梦想开了个玩笑。18然而,却不是每个人都能察觉到这个玩笑。我们仍然被告知:能够用这种东西来形成秩序,劳申伯格的作品《谜》能够被解读。事实上,它被认为“再生出各式各样幼稚而滑稽的图像组合,而最终将它们视为抽象形式”。当然,布瓦尔和佩居谢也会为此感到困惑。

----


注释


1、希尔顿·克莱默:《格罗姆与戈雅、莫奈相关吗?》,载于《纽约时报》,1980年4月13日,第2版,p35

2、西奥多W·阿多诺:《瓦拉里-普鲁斯特美术博物馆》,载于《棱镜》,萨缪尔、姗瑞·韦伯译,伦敦:Neville Spearman出版社,1967,p173-186

3、克莱默,p35

4、列奥·斯坦伯格:“另类准则”,载于《另类准则》,纽约:牛津大学出版社,1972,p55-91,该文基于作者1968年3月在纽约现代美术馆的讲座而成。

5、参见罗莎琳·克劳斯(Rosalind Krauss)在《劳申伯格和物质性图像》(载于《艺术论坛》,XIII ,4,1974年12月,p36-43)一文中对立体拼贴和劳申伯格“改造”拼贴之间差异的探讨。

6、以上为福柯在《词与物》(纽约,Pantheon出版社,1970)中分析的问题。

7、当然,并非所有艺术史家都能够赞同“马奈解决了绘画与其源件的关系”。然而,该观点是迈克尔·弗瑞德(Machael Fried)文章《马奈的来源:其艺术的方位,1859-1865》(载于《艺术论坛》,Ⅶ,7,1969年3月)的最初假设。文中首句为“如果一个问题可以促使我们更加了解十九世纪六十年代初马奈艺术的话,那就是:我们该如何理解这时期马奈绘画对历史上伟大艺术家作品的参照?”(p28)。从某种程度上说,弗瑞德认为马奈作品对以前艺术的借鉴,不同于在此之前西方绘画运用源件的 “画面修饰和明显性”这种方式。这种设想导致希欧多尔·拉夫(Theodore Reff)对弗瑞德进行辩驳,例如他说”当雷诺兹从荷尔拜因、米开朗基罗和阿尼巴·卡拉奇的代表作中吸取描绘模特的态度,巧妙地将这种关联应用到他作品的主题中时;当安格尔采用拉斐尔严谨的构图,并在肖像画中使用希腊雕塑和罗马绘画中的相似图像时,难道它们就没有显示出马奈早期作品中形成的历史意识吗?”(希欧多尔·拉夫,《马奈的源头:一种批判性评价》,载于《艺术论坛》,Ⅷ,1,1969年9月,40)。由于对这种不同性的否认,拉夫能够继续运用适于解释过去艺术的现代主义艺术史方法论,例如这种方法论解释了意大利文艺复兴艺术与古典器物艺术之间的特定关系。

8、福柯:《图书馆幻想曲》,载于《语言,反记忆及实践》,唐纳德·F·布沙尔(Donald F.Bouchard)、雪利·西蒙(Sherry Simon),Ithaca,康奈尔大学出版社,1977,p92-93

9、引自尤金尼奥·多纳托(Eugenio Donato):“博物馆的熔炉:《布瓦尔与佩居谢》的文本解读笔记”,载于《文本策略:透视后结构主义批评》,Josui V. Harar zhubian 主编,Ithaca,康奈尔大学出版社,1979,p214。感谢罗莎琳德·克劳斯(Rosalind Krauss)将这篇文章介绍给我,并与我讨论此处提出的问题。

10、同上,p220。显然,多纳托对福柯的考古学方法进行批判,认为这种方法暗示了福柯对起源形而上学的一种回应。因此,福柯和多纳托文章之间明显的连贯性容易使人产生误解。

11、居斯达夫·福楼拜:《布瓦尔与佩居谢》,A.J. 克莱尔谢梅尔(A.J.Krailsheimer)译,纽约,企鹅出版集团(Penguin Books),1976,p114-115

12、多纳托,p223。多纳托以及我的文章都未对美术馆与其原型——自然历史博物馆进行区分。至于对艺术移至自身特定的博物馆,以及进入该机构历史话语的原因的讨论,则需另文探讨。

13、这种比较最早出现在罗伯特·罗森布卢姆(Robert Rosenblum)的论文集《现代艺术和现代城市:从卡耶波特与印象主义画家到今天》中,该论文集是配合1977年3月布鲁克林美术馆古斯塔夫·卡耶波特作品展而作。尽管其中只有卡耶波特的作品图片,罗森布卢姆依然出版了他讲座的版本。以下摘录能够说明罗森布卢姆所进行的比较:“卡耶波特的艺术似乎与近来抽象绘画、雕塑的一些结构性变革相一致。他在十九世纪七十年代对现代巴黎的描绘,包含了近十年来崭新的观看方式。与同时期的其他印象主义画家相比,卡耶波特似乎更扩大了“随意性”和“规定性”两个极点之间的差距。这就通常并置了同一件作品中看似矛盾的风格。城市和乡村的巴黎人来到户外,在他们的休闲运动中是数学和技术规则性的格子。交叉或平行的铁梁沿着桥栏柱移动,发出A-A-A-A的撞击声。方形铺路石组成的棋盘促使安迪·沃霍尔或斯特拉的早期作品、吕曼和安德列艺术中方格系统的产生。例如,丹尼尔·布恩作品中纯粹的横条,顿时将一种欢快的基本美学原则强加于都市的聚散。”(《古斯塔夫·卡耶波特:二十世纪六十年代与十九世纪六十年代》,载于《艺术论坛》,ⅩⅤ,7【1977年3月】,52)。当罗森布卢姆去年三月在一次纽约市立大学亨特学院有关现代主义的研讨会上,再次对吕曼和卡耶波特进行幻灯片比较时,他认为这也许就是潘诺夫斯基所谓的假象。

14、安德烈·马尔罗 (Andre Malraux) :《无墙的博物馆》,载于《沉静之声》,普林斯顿,普林斯顿大学出版社,Bollingen系列XXIV,,1978, p 44- 46.

15、 福楼拜,p321,300

16、参见瓦尔特·本雅明(Walter Benjamin):《机械复制时代的艺术作品》,载于《启蒙之光》,Harry Zohn译,纽约,企鹅出版集团(Penguin Books),1969,p217-251

17、 对近来艺术中普遍出现的后现代主义技巧的进一步讨论,参见我的论文《图像》(载于《十月》,12(1979年春),75-88;克雷格·欧文斯(Craig Owens) 的文章《寓言冲动:走向后现代主义原理》(载于《十月》,12 (1980年春), p67-86)。我们正在经历本雅明所预言的“灵晕的衰变(decay of the aura)”,这不仅能从取代它的积极方面理解,而且也能理解为是通过复活表现主义的修辞和风格,试图将其复原的一次绝望尝试。毋庸置疑,这种趋势在市场和博物馆展览中显得格外强烈。

18、劳申伯格于1970年曾为大都会博物馆百年纪念写过申明,如下:“博物馆,人类良知的宝库。及尽全力地的搜集、保护、颂扬着巨擎之作。抛却了时间的概念,不知疲倦地堆积着巅峰的瞬间,守护着人类无关政治的梦想和目标,时刻洞悉着现时世界的变化、需求、复杂并使历史和爱永远充满活力。”从中,可以看出他在多大程度上赞同我对博物馆的分析。而这份海报,居然也被博物馆签收了。

19、 对劳申伯格作品《鲁本斯》的解读出现在查尔斯·F·斯塔基(Charles F. Stuckey)的文章《解读劳申伯格》中,(载于《美国艺术》,65, 2 (1977年3月-4月), 82。)此处引用,意在作为将传统艺术史方法论盲目用于当代艺术的典型例证。

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The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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