刘悦笛:当艺术作为“惯例”——分析美学的艺术惯例论


当艺术作为“惯例”
——分析美学的艺术惯例论

刘悦笛(中国社会科学院哲学所,中华美学学会副秘书长)


当代美国著名的美学家和艺术理论家乔治·迪基(George Dickie,1936~ )在分析美学潮流当中,占据着特殊而重要的位置。他著名的“艺术惯例论”(the Institutional Theory of Art),一方面由于它对于当代艺术的疆域拓展具有巨大的阐释力而被广为接受,另一方面却由于理论自身的内在矛盾而不断地进行着自我调整,但无论褒与贬,这一理论都已成为分析美学历史的重要环节。

这位最后在伊利诺斯大学荣休的哲学教授乔治·迪基,1949年毕业于佛罗里达大学,1959年于加利福尼亚大学获得博士学位,一直在从事美学的教学和研究工作。他的主要研究领域就是美学、艺术哲学和18世纪的趣味理论。1990到1991年,他曾担任伊利诺斯哲学协会主席,1993年到1994年担任美国美学协会主席。至今所写的重要著作包括《艺术与价值》(Art and Value, 2001)、《美学导论:一种分析的方法》(Introduction to Aesthetics: An Analytical Approach, 1997)、《趣味的世纪》(The Century of Taste, 1996)、《评价艺术》(Evaluating Art, 1988)、《艺术圈》(The Art Circle, 1984)、《美学与艺术》(Art and the Aesthetic, 1974)和《美学:导论》(Aesthetics: An Introduction, 1971)。

分析美学的中心对象就是艺术。这既是它的优势所在,当然也是它的缺憾所在。相应地,分析美学对于当代艺术本质问题的解答也功不可没,乔治·迪基一直致力于这种哲学解答的工作。受到阿瑟·C·丹托(Arthur C. Danto)“艺术界”(artworld)理论的启示,[1] 并吸纳了其理论的精华,乔治·迪基的“艺术惯例论”在1974年《艺术与审美》里得以初步总结。

迪基总是强调他从来就没有给“艺术界”一个明确的定义,而只是指出相关的表现被用以指代什么。换言之,迪基从未在丹托之后为“艺术界”下过定义,而只是对表现所指的东西作出描述。[2] 正如“惯例”原本也应是一个描述性的概念一样,迪基将对“艺术”的直接界定,建基于“艺术界”这样“约定俗成”的描述性观念之上。简单地说,“惯例论”包含的是同“艺术界”的一种内在关系。

迪基更明确地将矛头对准两个目标:其一,是在早期分析美学那里占主流的“艺术不可界定”论,在反叛这种虚无主义的立场之上,其二,更明确地对准在传统美学那里曾前后出现的“模仿说”与“表现说”。以往对“艺术”的界定,都是通过界定“必要条件”和“充分条件”来加以定义的。“模仿说”的影响力甚至延续到了19世纪,随后又有“表现说”冲破前者,此后通过这种必要和充分条件来界定艺术的努力纷至沓来。直到20世纪50年代中叶,受到维特根斯坦著名美学演讲的影响,一股逃避艺术界定的思潮开始占据上风,甚至认为艺术就不存在必要的和充分之条件。从迪基野心勃勃的视角看来,整个历史就分三段:第一段是自“模仿说”开始的各色界定艺术的尝试,第二段就是早期分析美学开始倡导的“艺术不可界定”阶段,第三段当然就是他自己所谓的“惯例论”了。这就好似黑格尔的“正——反——合”的逻辑演进,最后在迪基那里形成“合题”。

实际上,从整个历史发展来看,早期分析美学代表人物威廉·E·肯尼克(William E. Kennick)早在1958年发表的著名论文《传统美学是否基于一个错误?》中,就曾层层解析地指出,传统美学所探究的就是“传统逻辑语言所说的艺术和美的定义”,[3] 而这种既定的“假设”只是一个错误,美学理应做的是澄清语言运用的混乱,要追问界定艺术的语言这一根本问题。但到了后期分析美学那里,这种美学虚无主义倾向才有所弱化,人们将维特根斯坦的“家族相似”概念应用到艺术定义中,认为艺术是个“开放性”的概念。

不过,迪基直接反击的是莫里斯·韦兹(Morris Weitz),因为这位美学家在1956年的美国《美学与艺术批评杂志》发表了著名长文《美学理论的作用》。其实,从肯尼克到韦兹,都受到了维特根斯坦那毋庸置疑的影响,因为维特根斯坦就曾自信地证明说“‘游戏’是不可定义的”。迪基对韦兹的不满在于两点:一个是韦兹在将艺术概念解析为“一般概念”和“亚概念”(如悲剧、小说、绘画)之后,进而断言“艺术”的普遍概念是没有定论的。这种彻底相对主义的立场为迪基所拒绝,但韦兹将“开放性的概念”应用于艺术分析,却是功不可没的。他要求把“游戏概念”理解为开放的而非封闭的概念,这也正是要艺术向“生活形式”开放,然而,问题就在于他开放得太厉害,迪基进而修正道:艺术的“亚概念”的全部或者部分都可能是开放的,而艺术的“一般概念”仍然是确定的,仍然是有边界的,不可能漫无边际地开放。这是其一。第二则是韦兹甚至认为“人工制造”都不是艺术的必要性质,这种极端的态度更令迪基不满,后面将要看到,“人造性”恰恰构成了迪基艺术定义的“基础前的基础”或“前提中的前提”。

当然,“模仿说”和“表现说”的困境,迪基开始也曾轻描淡写地提到,但却直刺要害。模仿说只囿于“艺术与题材”的关系上,“表现说”则关注“作品与创造者”的关系,虽然两种定义不能令人满意,但却提供出一种正确的思路:精选出艺术的相关特征作为本质。更重要的推展来自于一位哲学教授毛瑞斯·曼德尔鲍姆(M. Mandelbaum)。他为迪基提供了一个重要的思路,也就是在艺术“显明的”特征之外,还存在一种探求“非显明”的特征之途。在曼德尔鲍姆看来,无论是维特根斯坦的“游戏不可界定”,还是韦兹“开放性”的艺术概念,都是在艺术的“显明的”特征基础上建构起来的,这种“显明”指的就是容易察觉的外观特征(比如画中有三角形构图、悲剧情节中包含命运逆转等等)。但真正引起迪基关注的是,不能再一如既往地从“显明的”特征来走老路了,如果转换门庭,从艺术的“非显明的”特征出发,才能达到对“艺术”定义基础的准确理解,才能揭示一切艺术品的共同性质。

这种“非显明”路途的提出,显然就指向了迪基著名的“惯例论”里面那个“惯例”。这种开拓性的学说认定,一件艺术品必须具有两个基本条件,它必须是:“⑴ 一件人工制品(an artifact);⑵ 的一系列方面,这些方面由代表特定社会惯例(艺术界中的)而行动的某人或某些人,授予其供欣赏候选者地位。”(“A work of art in the classificatory sense is ⑴ an artifact ⑵ a set of the aspects of which has had conferred upon it the status of  candidate for appreciation by some person acting on behalf of a certain social institution (the artworld) ”.) [4]

首先,就条件⑴而言,“人造性”成为了艺术基本意义的一个“必要条件”。迪基先要明确的是,艺术品首要的条件就是要成为人工制品,进而才能成为艺术品。关键是条件⑵,它揭示出的正是一种“非显明的”特征。这就必须回到丹托的“艺术界”理论那里。但为迪基所忽视的是,其实思想源头还在维特根斯坦那里。

实际上,维特根斯坦的“生活形式”(Leben Form i.e. Form of Life)理论,才是“惯例论”更为潜在的真正渊源。因为维特根斯坦早就说过“想象一种语言便意味着想象一种生活形式”,[5] “语言的述说是一种行动的一个部分,或者是生活形式的一个部分。” [6] 在这个意义上,“生活形式”通常被认定为是语言的“一般的语境”,也就是说,语言在这种语境的范围内才能存在,它常常被看作是“风格与习惯、经验与技能的综合体”。虽然维特根斯坦在“生活形式”所包含的文化内容方面是语焉不详的,但丹托的“艺术界”和迪基的“惯例”,不都是被注入文化内容的“生活形式”在艺术领域之变体吗?

回到迪基的思路,他认为丹托的“艺术界”尽管没有系统地为艺术下定义,但却开辟了为艺术下定义的正确方向。在丹托那段直接提出“艺术界”的名言那里,其中“肉眼所不能察觉的东西”正是表明他对曼德尔鲍姆“非显明”提法的认同,更为重要的是,丹托比曼德尔鲍姆更进一步,提出的是嵌入其中的、关于艺术品的、涵义丰富的内在结构,亦即——“艺术的惯例本质”(the institutional nature of art)。[7] 迪基之所以在此援引丹托的“艺术界”术语,就是用来指代“一种广泛的社会惯例(the broad social institutional ),艺术品在这种社会惯例中有其地位”。[8]

当迪基描述出“艺术界作为一种惯例”的时候,实际上,他在说的是“一种业已存在的惯例”。正如惯例那个英文词“institution”的多义性所示,迪基所指的是一种内在的约定俗成的习俗,而非那种外在的团体或者组织机构。他想说的是,这个惯例体系无论如何就存在于那里。一切“艺术系统”所共有的核心特质是,每一个系统都是特定的艺术品藉以呈现自身的“构架”。这个构架不是纯形式化的,而是有丰富内涵的。所以,正因为艺术界诸多系统的丰富多样性,所以导致了艺术品没有共同的、外现的或显明的特性。

迪基转过头来,又开始解析“杜尚难题”。在杜尚将“艺术地位”亲手“赋予”了(诸如小便器、晾杯架、雪铲这样的)现成物的时候,迪基注意到的恰恰是其中一个曾被长期忽视、并一直不被欣赏的人类活动,那就是“授予艺术地位的活动”(the action of conferring the status of art)。[9] 当然,历史上的画家和雕塑家一直都在这样做,在将艺术地位授予给他们的创作物,从而因袭了整个传统的惯例,并在这种传承当中不断地创造着新的典范。在很大意义上,艺术家就是“艺术界的代理人”,他负责艺术授予的活动。

所以,照此看来:“作为艺术品,或许杜尚的‘现成物’的价值并不太大,但是如作为艺术的一个例证,它们对艺术理论却是有价值的。我并不能由此断言,杜尚和他的朋友们发明了艺术地位授予这种手段;他们只不过是用一种非寻常的方式使用了现成的惯例方式(an existing institutional device)。杜尚并没有发明“艺术界”,因为“艺术界”始终就已存在于那里。(Duchamp did not invent the artworld,because it was there all along)……艺术界由一大束系统(a bundle of system)构成,包括戏剧、绘画、雕塑、文学、音乐等等,它们每一个系统都在为本系统内授予对象以艺术地位而提供一种惯例的氛围。这些大量的系统被纳入到艺术一般概念(the generic conception of art)中,这是不可阻遏的,每一个较大的系统内都包含了更深一层的各个子系统。艺术界的这般特质,提供出了一种乃至能容纳最大创造性的伸缩特性。”[10]

关于艺术条件⑵,迪基继续如剥洋葱般地将之解剖为彼此差异,亦保持相互关联的四个观念:“⑴ 代表某一种惯例(acting on behalf of an institution);⑵ 地位的授予(conferring of status); ⑶ 成为一个待选者(being a candidate);⑷ 欣赏(appreciation)”。[11] 显然,这种分析哲学的态度将“艺术授予活动”置于典型的西方割裂式之思维手术台上,在次序上大致形成了前后的逻辑关系。

下面逐层来解析,其所包含的实在内涵是:

⑴ “代表惯例”或者“形成惯例”的核心载体,是创作艺术品的艺术家们,他们作为呈现艺术品的“呈现者们”还离不开那些作为艺术品接受者的“座上客”。这样,呈现者与座上客就成为了艺术整体系统中少数的核心成员,在他们推动了这个系统运作之后,批评家、史学家和艺术哲学家也作为艺术界的成员被卷入其中。

⑵ “地位的授予”,通常是由个人亦即创作人工制品的艺术家来实现的,授予活动一般都是个人行为(当然还有一批人去授予的),这个“个人”都要通过代表艺术界来实施行动,从而授予人工制品以供人欣赏的待选资格。

⑶ 由上面的涵义推出,所谓“候选资格”就是艺术界某位成员授予供欣赏的待选者地位。

⑷ 这里“欣赏”并非指传统的审美欣赏,而是指一种认可为有价值的态度,是惯例的结构(而非欣赏的类分)造成了艺术欣赏与非艺术欣赏之间的区别。

显而易见,迪基首当其冲面临的指责就是“你的定义是循环论证”。的确,从“艺术”到“艺术界”,再从“艺术界”回到“艺术”:从逻辑上说,迪基实质上所说的还是“A是A”或者“艺术是艺术”。迪基自己也不避讳这一点,但他还在努力为自己辩护说:这种定义的循环是“非恶意的循环”,它所强调的是与“艺术界”的一种关系。我想他强调的还是约定俗成的内容之注入和嵌入,所以艺术方能在历史上成立,难怪这种理论又被称为“文化学理论”(culturological theory)。但另一方面,迪基又强调“惯例论”是无涉内容的,这就是《何为艺术?:一种惯例论的分析》(What is Art?: An Institutional Analysis)一文之终篇,迪基又绕回到对“模仿说”和“表现说”的批判。从已经被建构起来的“惯例论”观之,无论是模仿说还是“表现说”都被误认为是艺术的理论了,其实它们论述的只是“艺术能做些什么”,而“惯例论”也并未揭示出“艺术所能做的一切”。在某种意义上,“惯例论”倒成了迪基心目中“最具理论色彩”的艺术理论。

由于“艺术惯例论”提出了一套适用于当代艺术的“艺术定义”,从而获得了相当巨大的反响,赞同者大有人在,反驳者更是节节反击,“逼得”迪基不断地修正自己的理论。

在“惯例论”提出之后,形成了两种孑然相反的效应。一方面,这种理论使得美学“跟进”了当代艺术的前沿,用惯例论去解释新兴的极少主义、偶发艺术、观念艺术似乎是再合适不过的了,因而在艺术领域获得了普遍的赞同。但是,另一方面,这本来就充满着矛盾色彩的理论,由于理论自身不能自洽,而遭到了美学界的纷纷置疑。

反击的关键还在于迪基所用的“授予”概念。的确,“授予”活动就是“惯例论”里面最精华的部分。被置疑最多的还是这个“授予”。究竟是谁在“授予”?如果确定下来,又是“谁”赋予了这个“授予者”以授予权?是否会导致对授予权的滥用?如果这样,那么,就会出现无所不是艺术,一切皆非艺术的可能了。

迪基自己虚心接受了对“授予”的尖锐批评。他自己将“惯例论”进行了修正,从而区分出“早期看法”(the earlier version)和“晚期看法”(the later version)。他反思说:的确,早期艺术惯例论的视角就好像在说,一个人造物是艺术品,只需有人说“我命名这个东西为艺术品”就万事大吉了。依据这种视角来分析,就并没有指明究竟是如何“成为艺术”(becoming art)的,[12]而单单是命名而已,这是一个很显明的问题。

对早期 “惯例论”的批评,迪基明确接受了两点。第一,是关于艺术条件⑴,以前迪基认定诸如杜尚的《泉》里面的人造物都是被“授予”的,这显然并不正确。而今迪基相信人造制品并不是被授予的。人造物只是对“前存在物”的转化,通过两个物结合、削掉一些物、塑造物等等。当这些物被作出如此的转化之后,给出能明确地适用于“艺术”的定义——“一个人造的物,特别要带有一种随后被使用的视角”。[13] 比如一块浮木,要在艺术界的语境中来得以应用,它被选择和陈列出来是按照绘画和雕塑的方式来陈列的。这个浮木就被作为一个艺术媒介来被使用,因而成为了更复杂的对象——作为一个艺术媒介所用的浮木(the-driftwood-used-as-an-artistic-medium)——的一部分。所以,这个复杂物就成为一个艺术界系统内的人造物。

第二,迪基接受了美学家门罗·比尔兹利(Monroe Beardsely)的批评,这涉及到艺术条件⑵。在早期视角中,迪基将艺术界作为一种“已建构的实践”(established practice),并将之视为一种非正式的活动。比尔兹利拈出迪基的两个术语“被授予的地位”(conferred status)和“代表而做”(acting on behalf of),认定这些用语都是在正式的惯例里面被使用的,但迪基却错误地用正式的惯例语言来描述非正式的惯例,正如他在艺术界里所构想的那样。[14] 接受了这一批评,迪基放弃了这两个术语,认为成为艺术品就是获得地位,也就是在艺术界的人类活动里面占据一个位置,这是正确的。换言之,按照晚期的视角,艺术品成为了地位或者位置的结果,这个地位或者位置是在一个“已建构的实践”亦即“艺术界”里面被占据的。

显然,迪基最终放弃的是“授予”这个公说公有理、婆说婆有理的说法,避免了人们对他的指责。这样,晚期的“惯例论”就被修订为,艺术品:⑴ 它必须是件人工制品;⑵ 它是为提交给艺术界的公众而创造出来的(A work of art is an artifact of a kind created to be presented to an artworld public)。[15] 进而,迪基的四个附加说明条件(其实是自我辩护)是:“艺术家”是理解一个艺术品被制作出来的参与者(a person who participates with understanding in the making of a work of art);“公众”是一系列的人(a set of persons),这些成员在某种程度上准备去理解要提交给他们的物(the members of which are prepared in some degree to understand an object which presented to them);“艺术界”是整个艺术界系统的整体(the totality of all artworld systems);一个“艺术界系统”就是一个艺术家将艺术品提交给艺术界公众的构架(a framework for the presentation of a work of art by an artist to an artworld public)。[16] 在2004年的最新发展中,迪基在《定义艺术》一文里面,似乎更突出了艺术惯例是一种文化实践,艺术活动本身就是一种文化实践活动,[17] 基本上是还在强调其晚期说法之中的文化维度。

但遗憾的是,所谓“成也萧何,败也萧何”!当迪基将“授予”抽取掉了的时候,也就抽取掉了这一理论的文化与历史内涵,表面上似乎八面玲珑了,但却因此失去了理论的原创性。无论如何,这个著名的“惯例论”都可谓是从美学角度对当代艺术所做出的相当“漂亮”的解答之一。

当分析美学将艺术作为“开放的概念”,当它的开放性指向“无限”的时候,这一概念本身也由于它的特质,而行将把自身消解掉了。迪基的“惯例论”及其追随的类似理论,也面临着类似的、难以解决的悖论。不同的是,“开放的概念”所开放的只是艺术自身,而迪基的理论则向无限延展的“惯例”世界开放了。

尽管分析美学提升了概念的“开放性”,但毕竟还是意指“概念”的开放性,这里面仍然具有忽视了历史主义的倾向。在这个意义上,当代美学家杰罗尔德·列文森(Jerrold Levinson)的意见值得关注,他主要持一种“向后看”的历史视野——“通过有意将某物设想为与一种认为是较早的艺术正好一致,某人就能使它成为艺术”。[18] 换言之,“今天意义上的艺术作品,是一件已经被认真评价为艺术作品的东西,也就是说,用任何一种正确评价以前存在或以前艺术作品的方式来评价当今的艺术作品。”[19] 就此而论,列文森才称他的理论为“内指的”或“内在索引的”(internally indexical)。这意味着,艺术是要在与前代艺术的“比照”之中方能确定自身,而不是像乔治·迪基那样完全诉诸于艺术之外的某种“社会惯例”,反倒是要在艺术的“历史序列”内部来定位艺术,这是有道理的。

惯例理论所做的,仅仅是一种“理论的转让”。这也就是说,艺术的界定不再从艺术自身出发来规定其自身了,而是到艺术之外的文化和社会空间里面去寻找最终的答案,所以惯例论往往被视为文化学理论的理由就在这里。这种解答方式,其实不是分析美学原本所想要的,恰恰是分析美学的“非历史”取向里面最应拒绝的。反过来说,恰恰是适度地引入了文化的内容,才使得分析美学获得如此这般的阐释力。但毕竟,这种将艺术的规定“让度”给社会惯例的方式,是分析美学面对当代艺术不断妥协的结果。

换言之,惯例理论更像是一种“折中方案”。一方面,不断需要获得解释的、新的艺术需要进入“艺术”概念里面,从而被授予合法的“艺术地位”。这是一种历史的需要。另一方面,“艺术”概念还要按照分析美学的套路演绎下去,逃避传统的从必要和充分条件入手的定义方式,从而使得自身获得新的理论生命力。这是一种理论的诉求。正是在这两者的张力撕扯之间,“惯例论”献出了它的“权宜之计”。尽管如此,分析美学家们还是聚焦于此,继续开拓。

但是,无论是艺术,还是美学抑或艺术理论,都既是“概念性”地与现实相关,又都“历史性”地与现实相联。就理论方面而言,走向“惯例”的艺术理论,其实是在分析美学无奈“后退”的结果,也就是远离分析原则而接近文化的结果。这种路数,必然具有一种“非理论”化的取向,因为概念行将消解在惯例的汹涌波涛里面去了。“非理论”生成的地方,就是理论终结的所在。从历史方面而言,只要容纳更多新的艺术现象在“艺术”概念里面,就会导致这样后果:对艺术越是无限的“开放”,对惯例的规定也就越无限的“松动”,当惯例的内涵缩小外延、趋于无所不包的时候,艺术界定的这个“救世主”也就失去生命了。这样,“惯例”既无法“近取诸身”而解释自己,更不能“远取诸物”而救度艺术了。




[1] Arthur C. Danto, The Artworld, in The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 61, No. 19, (Oct. 15, 1964), pp. 571-584.

[2] George Dickie, Art and Aesthetic, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1974, pp. 29-30, footnote 10.

[3] Matthew Lipman, Contemporary Aesthetics, Boston: Allyn and Bacon , 1973, pp.219-234.

[4] George Dickie, Art and Aesthetic, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1974, p. 34.

[5] Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe, The Macmillan Company, 1964, 8e.

[6] Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe, The Macmillan Company, 1964, 11e.

[7] George Dickie, Art and Aesthetic, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1974, p. 29.

[8] 同上, p. 29.

[9] 同上, p. 32.

[10] 同上, pp.32-33.

[11] 同上, p.34.

[12] George Dickie, Introduction to Aesthetics: An Analytic Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, p.86.

[13] 同上, p.87.

[14] George Dickie, Introduction to Aesthetics: An Analytic Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, p.88.

[15] George Dickie, The Art Circle: A Theory of Art, New York: Haven Publications, 1984, p.80, 44; George Dickie, Introduction to Aesthetics: An Analytic Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, p.92.

[16] George Dickie, The Art Circle: A Theory of Art, New York: Haven Publications, 1984, pp.80-82.

[17] George Dickie, “Defining Art :Intension and Extension”, in The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics, edted by Peter Kivy, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004, p.45~62.

[18] Jerrold Levinson, “Refining Art Historically”, in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 47, No. 1

[19] Jerrold Levinson, Refining Art Historically, in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Winter, 1989);Jerrold Levinson, Extending Art Historically,in The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Vol. 51, No. 3, (Summer, 1993).

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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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