New Media Art: Mirror of Simulacra


新媒体艺术:“仿像”之镜
——兼论卡尔斯鲁厄艺术和媒体中心

郭红梅

由于目前并没有一个统一的定义来描述“新媒体”这一概念,因此在正文开始之前对新媒体以及相关的概念或提法加以澄清是必要的。“新媒体”(New Media)的概念最早出现在20世纪20年代,它的含义是相对于当时的传统艺术媒介(绘画、雕塑、音乐和戏剧等)而言的“新”媒体:摄影、电影,以及后来出现的广播和电视。20世纪90年代随着互联网的出现、数字媒体的兴起,原来的“新”媒体又转变成了“传统”艺术媒介。因此,新媒体的概念是一个历史性的概念,在不同的时代有不同的特定指称。

与新媒体概念相关的说法是“多媒体”(Multimedia)或“数字媒体”。“多媒体”的概念出现在20世纪80年代,与计算机数字技术的发展紧密相联。严格地说,它应该是指计算机数字技术支持下的、相互能产生互动关系的多媒体。因此,它的首要含义是“互动”,这也是多媒体区别于新媒体的最显著特质。从词源上也可以看出“mul-”有“多种、复合、交叉”的意思,这是新媒体所不具有的。也正因为如此,多媒体中的“多种”媒体并不一定是新媒体,传统媒体也可以和其他媒体之间产生“技术”互动。“互动”包含“社会的互动”和“技术的互动”两层含义。如果用“互动”这个标准来衡量,就可以理解,新媒体的重要代表——电影和电视,虽然有两种以上的媒体——图像和声音,但是因为它们之间没有“技术”互动的关系,而只有同时存在的并列关系,所以不是多媒体。

还有另一种说法,即人们按照传播媒介的不同,把新闻媒体的发展划分为不同的阶段——以纸为媒介的传统报纸、以电波为媒介的广播和基于电视图像传播的电视,它们分别被称为第一媒体、第二媒体和第三媒体。1998年5月,联合国秘书长安南在联合国新闻委员会上提出,在加强传统的文字和声像传播手段同时,应利用基于数字技术的第四媒体——互联网(Internet)。自此,“第四媒体”的概念正式得到使用。

由以上可以看出,在当下社会中,“新媒体”的概念在很大程度上指的是基于计算机数字技术和其它高科技技术的数字多媒体,新媒体艺术也就基本上是指借助数字多媒体而进行创作和表现的艺术形式,本文也正是在这个意义上使用“新媒体艺术”这一词语的。

一  卡尔斯鲁厄艺术和媒体中心[1]

二十世纪下半叶,在媒体工业与相关政府机构的支持下,一些新媒体艺术研究中心相继成立,其中最知名的有位于德国卡尔斯鲁厄(KARLSTUHE)的“ZKM”(CENTER FOR ART AND MEDIA)、奥地利林兹(LINZ)的“AEC”(ARS ELECTRONICA CENTER)及日本东京的“ICC”(INTER COMMUNICATION CENTER)等,目的是为了促进当代艺术与科学的对话。其中,作为一个新媒体文化研究机构,卡尔斯鲁厄艺术和媒体中心(ZKM)在世界上占有独特的地位。

ZKM位于德国西南部的巴登·符腾堡州。这里云集了众多大企业:梅塞德斯-奔驰、戴姆勒·克莱斯勒、博世、西门子、保时捷等,使巴登·符腾堡成为联邦州中最富裕的一个。根据这一优势,巴登·符腾堡洲把发展定位在高科技和文化、艺术的结合上,这就为后来卡尔斯鲁厄媒体艺术中心的成立创造了条件。

ZKM又是和卡尔斯鲁厄造型大学同步建设的。卡尔斯鲁厄造型大学也被称为“新艺术大学”。1985年,信息技术快速发展,新媒体对艺术造成强烈的冲击,建筑学家汉里希·克洛兹(Heinrich Klotz)提出了一个大胆建议:成立一个媒体艺术机构和一个学校。1992年,汉里希·克洛兹在新学校的开学典礼上,作了后来发表成文章《一个新学校(为新艺术)》的讲话。这个讲话有点类似于当年沃尔特·格罗皮乌斯的《包豪斯宣言》。它分析了德国当时的艺术院校和专业设置的状况,提出了研究、教育、实践为一体的办学模式,阐明了传统艺术与媒体技术及电子技术相结合的未来发展理念。卡尔斯鲁厄造型大学是德国第一所主张以媒体技术为主导的学校,在这个意义上它被称为20世纪90年代的包豪斯。ZKM成立的构想,还缘自巴登·符腾堡洲一个政府官员Lothar Spaeth的想法,他希望设立针对艺术与媒体科技,特别是视觉影像、音乐新闻的研发机构,并且选择了前法兰克福国家建筑博物馆创办人克洛兹作为计划主持人及馆长。

ZKM成立于1990年,1997年10月开始正式运作。ZKM是典型的德国式企业经营方式,在大型企业,如西门子赞助商与首任馆长克洛兹的理念下,希望延续包豪斯时期的理念,继续成为一个与工业结合的艺术殿堂,以印证所谓的“第二次现代”理念。它的主要机构包括当代艺术博物馆、媒体博物馆、图像媒体研究所、音乐和声学研究所、媒体、教育和经济研究所以及电影研究所。ZKM媒体博物馆的宗旨是创建一个艺术与科技相结合的大实验室与媒体城,一个将掀起新视觉运动的“新包豪斯”。该馆主要是发展媒体创作、收藏、展示及推广德国科学文化。自1992年起,它举办多媒体艺术双年展,以展示其媒体艺术收藏品、国际知名媒体艺术家和驻馆艺术家作品。1999年起,在彼得·韦贝尔(Peter Weibel)教授的领导下,ZKM在理论和实践上对新媒体进行了探索,并与国家设计学院紧密合作,提供了一个将科学、艺术、政治和金融结合在一起讨论的论坛。ZKM的工作包括生产产品和进行研究工作,举办展览和竞赛,协调技术并且整理文献。

ZKM的媒体博物馆是世界上第一个也是唯一一个以“互动艺术”(INTERACTIVE ART)为主题的博物馆。[2]它的主题涵盖了交互式电影、赛博空间的仿真技术、使用互联网上最新的软件等领域。在媒体博物馆,我们看到媒体艺术与流行游戏,或者研究计划与道德教育工作的空间并置在一起。围绕商业和全球文化产品而产生的争论在这里迎头相遇。互动式媒体艺术画廊是一个焦点。在这里,各种装置和环境显示了将观众包含在作品之内的策略并且展示了新技术的创造性使用。

ZKM的媒体博物馆有世界上最多的互动式媒体艺术品收藏。[3]馆藏的大部分作品以常设展的形式定期分类展出。藏品主要是各种各样的互动装置,这些藏品不仅展现了高科技技术,而且是艺术家个人的表达,作品大部分由艺术家、设计师、科学家和媒体专家合作完成,分为媒体身体、媒体空间、媒体艺术、媒体实验和媒体游戏几种类型。

ZKM的四个研究所实际上是观众们看不到的ZKM核心部分。来自世界各地的艺术家们在这里进行创作和研究,ZKM为他们提供理想的创作环境和技术支持。ZKM的许多藏品都出自这些艺术家之手。图像媒体研究所的发展重点在于探索媒体技术作为当代艺术一个组成部分的深远意义,所涉及的内容包括数码录像、互动性、虚拟现实、模拟、电子通讯、电脑图形、多媒体和CD-Rom。

图像媒体研究所促进并领先互动技术在艺术中的应用。新的计算机驱动下的互动技术提供了变换多样的方式,让观众可以直接受到这类艺术作品表现形式的影响。现代虚拟技术的独到之处是可以创造一个完全由计算机生成的世界,观众可以进入这个世界并有所发现。现有这方面的软件及硬件产品在很大程度上是为军事、工业和商业活动等服务的。图像媒体研究致力于开发新的、适用于艺术家需要的虚拟技术。例如,“EVE:扩展的虚拟环境”是ZKM和卡尔斯鲁厄研究中心合作开发的360°球形影院。EVE是一个充气的气球,里面的三维投影系统可以让画面在球体内表面任意移动。

ZKM鼓励艺术家们发现一种全球性的互动交流形式。一部分人已经尝试在网络里加入电子虚拟模型,用电子通讯技术可以让身处不同位置的人在一个互动的虚拟界面中相见。例如,阿格内斯·黑格杜斯的作品《水果机》,就把东京和卡尔斯鲁厄连接到一个多媒体界面上,电子显像可以把参与者各自的形象显示到这个界面上,它们在那里可以遇到其它经过电子显像的人和景。

ZKM是一个媒体艺术的“大本营”,汇聚了这个时代该领域内几乎一切“重要”人物和事件。它同时又是一个学术研究基地和前沿媒体实验场,所有艺术家可以想象得到的技术,都有机会获准在这里展开实验。因此,ZKM在多重意义上被列为划时代的文化设施。

二  新媒体艺术与传统艺术

每一次技术进步都会带来艺术上的巨大变革。文艺复兴时期由于透视法的发明和人体解剖学研究的深入,使得当时的绘画能够在二维平面上表现出深远的三维空间,并且对人体的比例、结构有精确的表现。尼德兰的扬·凡·埃克放弃了用蛋清调色的传统方法,而改用油来调色。油画技术的发明不但使得画面色彩明亮、更适合表现出物体的质感,更重要的是传统的木板画和湿壁画逐渐被抛弃,帆布成为油画的重要媒介,从而加速了艺术品的流通,国际艺术市场的形成。十九世纪,绘画所用的颜料开始由机器生产,管装颜料的出现为外出写生准备了物质条件;而当时光学理论的发展,直接为印象派的主张奠定了理论基础。在二十世纪,大众文化的流行和科学技术的发展对艺术造成更大的冲击。瓦尔特·本雅明在1936年发表了《机械复制时代的艺术品》 ,在文中本雅明通过对机械复制的分析强调了艺术品的物质性和技术性因素,把艺术评价的标准从道德与政治意义转移到了艺术制作和艺术接受上来。随着摄影的发展和商业性电视节目的普及,波普艺术随之兴起。波普艺术家用他们在生活环境中所接触的材料和媒介来制造大众所能理解的形象,以使艺术与工业机械文明相结合,并利用大众传播媒介加以普及。为了达到有效的宣传效果,这些大众、通俗的艺术中须有新奇、活泼、富有性感的内容来吸引观众的注意力,刺激他们的消费欲望,从而成为一种消费文明的艺术。

紧随摄影、电影之后的视觉技术是数字技术的发展。拼贴和传统的暗房工艺中的多次曝光和多底片合成,在技术上己被更方便也更强大的数码影像所替代。 而数字技术的发展在造就了CD-ROM和网络的同时也使得新媒体艺术结合了视频、声音、文字的超级文本,不但可以链接到无穷无尽的其他文本之中,更可以由多种路径进入,这已经使超级文本成了一座迷宫,而它所提供的互动性几乎是无穷无尽的。

互动性是新媒体艺术作品的突出特点,这和被动型观赏的电影电视艺术不同。这种特性在计算机网络游戏、虚拟现实漫游、Flash动感交互网页和多媒体出版物等作品中表现得十分明显。计算机网络游戏是新媒体艺术“互动性”的最直观表现。人与人之间通过网络游戏而联结,人已经进入虚拟的空间并成为其中的一分子,随之而来的则是整个社会也被虚拟化了,变成了一个大的虚拟空间,真实与虚拟之间的界线消失了。

这种连接人与人之间的网络空间被称为“赛博空间”(cyberspace)[4]。“赛博空间”是加拿大作家威廉·吉布森(William Gibson)1984年在其科幻小说《神经症漫游者》中创造的一个词语。此后不久,这个词就扩展到信息技术领域,并进一步进入到文化研究与分析领域之中。“赛博空间”的基本含义是指由计算机和现代通讯技术所创造的、与真实现实空间不同的网际空间或虚拟空间。网际空间或虚拟空间是由图像、声音、文字、符码等所构成的一个巨大的“人造世界”,它由遍布全世界的计算机和通讯网络所创造与支撑。

当人们沉浸在模拟真实世界的虚拟实在系统之中,即由计算机生成的三维虚拟世界之中时,就进入和沉浸在“赛博空间”之中。虚拟的世界是非现实的,但在感官感受的效果上又是“真实”的,所以“赛博空间”既是虚拟的,又是真实的。我们可以进入到这个特殊的“虚拟的真实空间”里,与它发生互动关系,在其中穿越物理和地理意义上的时间和空间,甚至穿越历史和现实、过去和未来。

新媒体艺术的互动性质以及所利用的虚拟空间相对于传统艺术来说具有特殊的意义。在原始艺术、中世纪、文艺复兴以及后来的艺术中,艺术家与艺术品是对立的两极。从某种程度上说,它们之间的对话是单向度的,是主体与客体的关系,既使在后来的行为艺术中也依然如此。在传统艺术中,艺术品要么是用来模仿现实中的物体,要么是用来表现艺术家的思想、感情。从另一个角度来说,在新媒体艺术以前的艺术中,艺术品是静止的,它也许需要观众的参与和交流,但艺术品总处在被动的角色上。而在新媒体艺术中,艺术家、观众甚至是时间、场地、灯光等外围条件都成为作品的有机部分,都能够“开口说话”、交流,从而即使艺术家创造出了艺术品,艺术品依然可以根据不同程度的观众参与,不同的时间、地点而呈现不同的面貌。艺术品已经不是无生命的静止体,而是成为与艺术家平等的主体。艺术品最终呈现的形态不再仅仅由艺术家的意志来决定,而且也不再有一个固定的形态,而是以各种不同因素决定了千变万化、不可确定的形态出现。这是关键的变化,这就在本质上颠覆了传统艺术的意义,从而在美学上和哲学上都提出了对艺术本体的质询。

在空间的处理上,新媒体艺术实际上实现了艺术对空间的梦想。文艺复兴以前,人们一直希望在二维平面上表现真实的物体和空间,直到布鲁内莱斯基发明了透视法,艺术家才有可能实现这一梦想。但是透视法是有缺陷的,那就是所有的事物是从一个视点进行观看的,这与现实的观看经验并不相符,因此根据透视法营造的空间和物体,只能是一种虚幻的景象。为了避免这一点,立体派采用了极端的作法,将物体在各个视点的形状平铺在画面上,并对之进行几何形简化。这种作法的直接后果是,作品的空间依然是二维平面,原先的幻像消失了,新的幻像生成了,因为在现实中没有人会像立体派艺术家那样观看物体。波普艺术家的作品广泛采用拼贴和实物。如果说拼贴还具有透视幻像的性质,那么实物的运用就是真实的空间了,在空间的处理上这是革命性的,但是这种空间还是静止的。到后来的行为艺术,又前进了一步,艺术品(即实施行为的艺术家)不但处在一个真实的三维空间中,而且艺术品本身开始有了思维,开始动起来,这和装置的机械运动有着本质的不同。随着摄影技术的发展,录像作品开始出现。在荧屏中的空间变成了流动的空间,这就大大扩展了空间的范围,更重要的是这种空间已经加入了时间的因素。这样就突破了原来只是局限于某一特定时刻的空间,时间和空间都流动起来,但是这时艺术家和观众依然是处于作品之外的空间。艺术家和观众所处的空间依然不能与艺术品内部的空间融合。到了新媒体艺术,作品的空间和艺术家、观众的空间已经融合了,艺术家和观众真正进入到了艺术品的内部,并且可以随时进入或走出。相对于艺术品内部空间来说,人处于第四维度空间,再加上时间的维度,因此新媒体艺术的空间是真正的多维空间。人既是全知全能的上帝,又是对笼罩着自己的虚拟空间毫无所察的奴隶。理想不但实现了,而且被超越了,悖论因此而产生。从艺术发展史的角度看,这就像印象派将光色表现作为绘画的目的,从而使任何物体无法逃脱绘画的范围一样,这种空间的转换在艺术自身的发展上具有重要意义。

三 “仿像”[5]之镜

新媒体艺术的互动性质并不是只具有浅层的表象意义,还具有更深一层的社会意义,即这种互动反映了人类在现实意义上进入了鲍德里亚所认为的“仿像”世界。

“仿像”是法国当代著名思想家让·鲍德里亚在1976年出版的《象征性交换与死亡》(Symbolic Exchange and Death)一书中提出的概念,用以分析后现代社会、生活和文化。简单地说,“仿像”是指后现代社会大量复制、极度真实而又没有客观本源、没有任何所指的图像、形象或符号。这一术语从根本上颠覆并重新定义了传统的“真实”观念。从逻辑上讲,仿像与真实的关系存在着两种不同的形态:一种是对客观世界中真实存在物的逼真再现和精确复制;另一种是通过现代科学技术创造出极度真实,但客观世界并不存在的虚拟物象和虚拟场景。这两者并没有本质的差别,都是现代高科技,特别是现代微电子技术和信息技术发展的产物。

技术的进步使“仿像”以极度逼真的方式向客观现实无限接近,摄影、广播、电影、电视和集成电路、计算机、网络等微电子技术使人们有条件精确地再现客观现实本身。比如,摄影使静态事物得到精确的复制和再现,而影视艺术和新兴的数字多媒体技术,不仅将世界以连续运动的影像形式更为逼真地呈现出来,而且有效地调动了人类的视觉和听觉系统。其结果就是,仿像世界成为客观现实世界的精确复制品。在感性经验内,“仿像”这一彻头彻尾的人工制品和虚拟物品最终成为客观现实本身。至此,“仿像”完成了它对“真实”的替换,用鲍德里亚的话说,“仿像”完成了“对真实的谋杀”。

新媒体艺术不仅利用了精确复制技术,还通过现代科学技术创造出极度真实,但客观世界并不存在的虚拟物象和虚拟场景,并且艺术家或观众能够通过互动进入这个虚拟世界。例如,在第一个运用人工智能概念的商业软件Simlife中,虚拟生物生活在一个模仿现实的生态环境中,用户可以与虚拟生物发生互动,但生物体不能进化和演变。1994年,人工智能艺术家克利斯塔·佐梅雷尔和劳伦特·米尼奥诺创作了一个互动式电脑艺术装置A-Volve。在这个装置系统中,观众可以通过触摸的方式在电脑显示器上画出一个二维图形,不一会儿,一个形如水母的三维生物便畅游在一个装满水的玻璃池中。生物的形状、活动与行为完全由观众在显示器上画出的二维图形转化而来的基因密码所决定。生物一旦创造出来,就开始在池中与其他以同样方式生成的虚拟生物共同生存、夺食、交配、成长。观众还可以触摸水中的生物,影响它们的活动,与池中的生物产生互动。

这就形成了鲍德里亚所说的仿像世界中的“超真实”之境。“超真实”也是波德里亚在《象征性交换和死亡》中提出的一个概念,在他后来出版的《仿像》一书中又对这一概念作了进一步解释。鲍德里亚认为,“仿真”发展到“仿像”阶段,真实本身已经被瓦解,一种比真实更“真实”的状态或现实显现出来,那就是所谓的“超真实”。“超真实”之所以具有比真实更为“真实”的特征,首先是因为它打破了真实与想象之间的界限,使昔日的审美环境无处不在;而更为关键的是,“超真实”是按照模型生产出来的,它从根本上颠覆了真实存在的根基。也就是说,“超真实”不再是客观存在之物或反映之物,而是人为制造(再生产)之物或想象之物。

“模型”和“模型先在”是“超真实”超越“真实”的基础,“超真实”与“真实”的区别是显而易见的。真实是一种客观和再现逻辑,它在自然的客观性和理性的科学性中寻求自我存在的根据。通过强调根源性、确定性和连续性,真实维护着自身存在的合理性和正当性。所有这一切都表现在文艺复兴以来西方文化发展的内在精神中。鲍德里亚的“超真实”正是对这一“真实”观念提出了质疑。“模型”和“模型先在”从根本上消除了事实先在,从而也就消除了客观性和再现性,构造出无根源的先在观念,使得超真实成为一种自由空间,人们可以在模型中体验超真实的快感。

关于“超真实”的典型例子是迪斯尼乐园,鲍德里亚认为迪斯尼乐园是“模型先在”的样板。迪斯尼是个典型的虚幻世界,充满了各种各样客观世界中并不存在的虚构形象和想象模型。然而,在迪斯尼乐园里,这些并不真实的事物却显得活灵活现,异常真实。这并不是现实生活和客观世界的真实再现,而是想象、模型和仿像先行于“真实”,是它们创造出了迪斯尼的真实。

同样,新媒体艺术以微电子和网络技术为支撑,很容易创造出虚拟的迪斯尼乐园,甚至通过互联网将整个地球变成一个大的迪斯尼乐园,人们可以在其中选取自己希望成为的角色而产生互动,这和现实世界一模一样。这就比现实世界中的迪斯尼乐园更进一步走向了超真实。

还可以从某种程度上说,新媒体艺术起到了语言的作用。在传统的形而上学看来,主体与客体、主观与客观之间的关系是直接的、自然的、真实的关系,在两者中间并不存在着独立的语言符号中介。而20世纪“语言学转向”之后,人们意识到语言符号不仅是以一种先行于主体的中介物横亘在主观意识与客观现实之间,而且还以一种意识框架和阐释系统制约着主体对客体的再现和理解,甚至“建构”出客观现实本身。相对于新媒体艺术来说,原先的艺术家-艺术品-客体的模式转变成了只剩下艺术品一项,在新媒体艺术(互动艺术)中艺术家和客体消失不见了,艺术品包含了艺术家、观众和它所指向的东西。不但是艺术家、观众创造了艺术品,艺术品反过来也“建构”艺术家和观众的行为和思维;不但是人将艺术品置于一个现实环境中,艺术品同时也构造自己的环境,包含人。这样的变化对艺术本身就形成了不可估量的影响,关于这方面的讨论也正是研究新媒体艺术的一个重要方向。

四  结语

2009年,我随导师易英先生进行欧洲艺术考察期间,曾短暂访问德国的卡尔斯鲁厄艺术和媒体中心,那里基于高科技的新媒体互动艺术当时就给我留下了深刻的印象。尤其当看到一个机器人在“认认真真”地、一笔一画地写“书”的场景时,我的震惊无以名状,我不清楚是机器在执行程序,还是在嘲笑人类,它还间或“歪头”思考一下,我仿佛看到又一个布里洛盒子正在对着人类嘲笑。这之后,我开始思考新媒体艺术相对传统艺术来说,所具有的意义以及对之阐释的可能性。

本文与其说是在写卡尔斯鲁厄,毋宁说是在写有关新媒体艺术的一些思考。读者可以看出,我是将新媒体艺术作为一个鲍德里亚所认为的后现代社会的载体来进行考察的,并且在与传统艺术相比较的过程中,我依然循着传统艺术史的发展路线,试图将新媒体艺术归纳于其中。并且本文仅仅是站在艺术的立场上来看新媒体艺术,而忽略了其背后的商业、技术价值,然而大量的新媒体艺术所基于的技术甚至新媒体艺术本身就是为了商业或军事等目的而创造的。这样无论从后现代社会的发展状况上看,还是从新媒体艺术本身来看,本文的阐释就不免有削足适履之感,理论上的偏颇和牵强是显而易见的。然而有胜于无,能做抛砖引玉的事情也是笔者之幸!

参考文献

1 乔加 著:《到西方去 乔加 德国 媒体艺术》,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008年。

2 汪民安 主编:《文化研究关键词》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年1月。

3 赵一凡等 主编:《西方文论关键词》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006年1月。

4 [美] 尼古拉斯·米尔佐夫 著:《视觉文化导论》,倪伟 译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年11月。

5 [美] 道格拉斯·凯尔纳 编:《波德里亚:一个批判性读本》,陈维振、陈明达、王峰 译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2008年1月。

6 李四达 编著:《数字媒体艺术概论》,北京:清华大学出版社,2006年11月。

7 李四达 编著:《数字媒体艺术史》,北京:清华大学出版社,2008年11月。

8 ZKM官方网站http:∥onl.zkm.de∕zkm∕e∕museen



[1] 关于卡尔斯鲁厄艺术和媒体中心的详细情况可以参阅其官方网站和乔加 著:《到西方去 乔加 德国 媒体艺术》,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008年,第273-282页。

[2] 参阅ZKM的官方网站http:∥onl.zkm.de∕zkm∕e∕museen

[3] 同上。

[4] 参阅汪民安 主编:《文化研究关键词》,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年1月,第273-275页。

 

[5]赵一凡等 主编:《西方文论关键词》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006年1月,第318-329页

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The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

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(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

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This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

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Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

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Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

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I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
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Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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