大卫•艾略特讲座：作为“传染”的艺术——关于艺术的生产、传播、接受机制
2013年6月26日晚六点半，国际知名美术馆馆长、策展人、批评家、学者大卫·艾略特（David Elliott）的讲座《作为“传染”的艺术——关于艺术的生产，传播，接受机制》（Art as a virus)于中央美术学院美术馆学术报告厅举行。
作为本次讲座的主持人，中央美术学院美术馆王璜生馆长首先对大卫·艾略特进行了简单的介绍，并对艾略特的到来表示欢迎和感谢。大卫·艾略特于1976-1996年，担任牛津现代美术馆馆长；2001-2006年，担任日本森美术馆首任馆长；2007年，担任伊斯坦布尔现代艺术博物馆首任馆长；2008-2010年，担任瑞典斯德哥尔摩现代美术馆馆长。并曾任“第17届悉尼双年展”艺术总监，“首届基辅国际当代艺术双年展”艺术总监。
本次讲座大卫·艾略特主要从更为广阔的历史、地理和政治视野出发，来探讨艺术的生产与接受等问题。其出发点是探究艺术观念如何一直以来像病毒一样地通过文化来传播，并在此过程中又生成出新的刺激动力。由此，大卫·艾略特进一步从社会和艺术家的角度分析了在西方普世价值与全球化意识形态下，包括土著文化、殖民地艺术、内蒙古、巴西、中国、日本等在内的文化艺术状态，以借此表达对艺术平等性与独立性的尊重。
讲座正式开始，大卫·艾略特首先谈到艺术与病毒的相通性。病毒是一种疾病诱因，也是进化的重要机制，它在这里作为隐喻，指风格和母题是如何被传播的。同时，病毒也成为好与坏、腐朽与复兴等冲突性观念，因为根据环境，病毒的效果可能被解释为对于其主体既是有害的，也可能是有益的。大卫·艾略特称，如今我们常把艺术赋予某种“颠覆性”的特质，尤其是在传播和传染角度，即像病毒一样，具有很强的不可预知性和不可控性。艺术能反映社会变革，但又与病毒一样，往往被冠以负面的思考角度。大卫·艾略特提到1938年希特勒专门在“德意志艺术展”对面举办的“退化艺术展”，他表示这个旨在打压非官方艺术形态的展览，最终却并未达到希特勒所预期的目的。这就是因为艺术就像病毒一样，它的传播与繁衍是难以预测的。
正因为艺术在传播和繁衍上难以预测的特点，大卫·艾略特认为艺术“隔绝说”是完全错误和有害的。他表示，即便当今世界的文化或多或少的都受到西方普世价值的影响，但全球仍有21%的贫困人口以及59%勉强温饱的人口，很显然对于这些人口和地区而言，西方的“现代性”价值是不可能得到普及的。大卫·艾略特还强调，即使西方不断地以普世主义为幌子，四处强化自己的价值体制，但各民族和地区仍有其特有的文化系统，而这种系统又是很难受西方价值体系所控制的。此外，大卫·艾略特还指出，现在世界正处于权力更迭的时期，曾经的西方霸权体系将逐渐被各地势力的均衡发展所取代，那么这种所谓的文化霸权也将更难以存在。
关于土著的文化艺术形式，大卫·艾略特随后为大家展示了一些相关艺术家的作品，其中包括：受土著艺术影响的波洛克（Jackson Pollock）的行为绘画；澳大利亚原住民艺术家Paddy Bedford反映土著风情与白人残酷屠杀的作品Cockatoo Dreaming(2000)；艺术家Christian Thompson的作品Isaac(2008)，该作品画面中男子身着苏格兰裙，夸张滑稽之中又是对殖民主义的另类反抗；流浪艺术家Beau Dick的作品 Water spirit（2009）以及温哥华艺术家Sheena Reece的行为作品等。大卫·艾略特指出，从他们的艺术中可见土著居民与殖民者之间的紧张关系，以及当代艺术对土著文化的重新捕捉与展示。随后，大卫·艾略特把目光转移到西方，他简介了西方对于世界各地文化的吸收情况，并为大家进行了举例展示：1720-1721年Matthaus Daniel根据自己的幻想设计了他眼里中国人的居住场所《水宫》（The Water Palace)；1760年英格兰时装表演中对中国皇帝服饰中“明黄”色的运用；1757年出版的，Sir William Chambers来中国考察后完成的建筑著作等。大卫·艾略特谈到，也许这些外国艺术家并没有真正意义上了解中国文化，但是通过学习，他们对于中国以及世界其它地区的文化还是给予了自己的理解和反映。
随后，大卫·艾略特还指出西方的艺术表现手法也影响了日本、中国、印度以及巴西等地的艺术形式。对此，大卫·艾略特为大家列举了几幅日本艺术家的作品，其中包括：Kuroda Seiji的作品Lakeside(1897)；Kawara On的作品I am still alive(1979)；Hokusai Katsuhiko的作品From Young Pine Sapling(1824);以及九十年代日本本土艺术家Yanagi Miwa的作品 windswept women:the old girls’s troupe 2 (2009)等。大卫·艾略特认为从这些日本艺术家的作品中，我们一方面可以看到艺术家对西方技法的吸收，另一方面也可以看出艺术家对殖民主义的反抗。此外，大卫·艾略特还谈及几位令他印象深刻的中国艺术家，其中包括：1993年大卫·艾略特在牛津现代艺术博物馆策划展览《沉默的能量》时认识的艺术家谷文达；1993年在纽约共同举办的展览徐冰和艾未未；以及对西方传统绘画进行数字化重构的艺术家缪晓春和表现中国90年代初学习英语狂潮的摄影家王庆松。大卫·艾略特表示，这些中国艺术家都以自己所独有的方式表达了对西方的某些理解，我们也应该明确一点，文化的传播并不是单向的，而是一个错综复杂的过程，中西方艺术正是在这种双向交流中得到了进一步传播与繁衍。
讲座尾声，大卫·艾略特总结到：我们的艺术界从90年代初开始加速变化，艺术已不再是一个封闭的体系。伴随着艺术形式的日益数字化和多媒体化，艺术不再可能受控于单一的势力之下，而是在更为广泛的领域得到了理解和接受，艺术在今天已发挥着不可替代的作用。此外，至于艺术该如何发生作用则是难预测的，因为这还取决于不同文化领域之下受众的理解能力与接受程度。
讲座结束后为观众提问环节，大卫·艾略特还就中国当代艺术及市场、艺术数码化、艺术的大众接受等问题接受了现场观众的提问，现场观众反响热烈。
艺讯网记者：余娅
责任编辑：朱莉
摄影摄像：丁怡、全晶
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
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CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
