李叔同油画《自画像》研究的新发现

中文摘要:李叔同是中国近代美术史上的重要人物,但对于他西画艺术面貌的研究十分匮乏。本文通过对于李叔同油画《自画像》原作的仔细研究,在《自画像》画作制作方法和画面内容、立意方面有了新的发现。这些发现对于李叔同西画艺术相关研究的深入,正确评价他的艺术地位有重要意义。

 

关键词:李叔同  自画像  划痕  “方格放大”法  照片蓝本  背景女子 

 

导语:

李叔同 《自画像》现藏于日本东京艺术大学美术馆(前身日本东京美术学校)(见图1),是李叔同毕业时留给母校的唯一作品,也是李叔同先生仅存于世的几件油画作品中的重要一件。

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图1 李叔同 自画像检索信息 

東京藝術大学大学美術館

网站网页截图

这幅画作上承载着极为丰富的艺术信息和历史信息,它直接反映出李叔同绘画成熟时期的艺术面貌和实践方法。这幅画对于研究初始阶段的中国近代美术,以及李叔同西画艺术都十分重要,有必要认真而深入的分析原作。

2013年3月,《自画像》从日本来到中国,同中央美术学院美术馆所藏的李叔同的另一幅油画代表作品《半裸女像》一同展出于“芳草长亭——李叔同油画珍品研究展”[①](以下简称:“芳草长亭“展览)(见图2)。这是目前可查证存世的李叔同的两幅作品首次同时在中国展出,实为难得。通过这次宝贵的展示机会,笔者有机会近距离观看《自画像》作品原作,并仔细研究。

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图2 李叔同油画《自画像》在“芳草长亭:李叔同油画珍品研究展” 展览现场照片

通过对原作近距离的、深入的观看,笔者对此作品有几个新的发现,对李叔同的西画艺术也有了新的认识和体会。本文将新的发现记录下来,为李叔同艺术相关研究提供一点参考。

 

一、李叔同《自画像》的现状描述。



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图3 《 自画像》李岸(李叔同)60.6x45.5 cm

布面油彩1911 年日本东京艺术大学藏

(此图片由东京艺术大学提供)

 李叔同油画《自画像》因多以图片传播,真正见过原作的人并不多。而对于欣赏和研究艺术作品来说,原作的肌理面貌和保存状况更为重要。为使大家对于作品的认识更为全面、具体,不仅停留于表面的大概印象,本文将对于《自画像》原作(见图3)的整体画面状况进行描述:


1、画面布局和内容

画面是李叔同的正面胸像,外光作品,画面的光源在右上方,脸的左边为暗部。自画像中,李叔同是中分的发型,上颌和下巴蓄有胡须,浓眉,眼小,头微微左倾,目视前方。面色红润,两腮偏绿色有胡须剔掉后的青色。头部及五官的塑造立体饱满。亮部多黄色点状笔触,暗部多绿色点状笔触。画中李叔同身着黑色有领呢子的披风,占画面的一半,从服饰上看,作品的创作时间应该是冬季,衣服上除主色黑色外,蓝色和红色点状笔触交叉。

背景是外光树林的风景,背景近处出现在画面的是三棵大树的树干,偏紫色、黑色,树干后面,近身体处、下部露出一条黄色的草地,近景树干的间隙再往远是一排树林和树叶间透出的天空,亮部黄色、橘色,暗部浅蓝色。整个画面用色纯度高,由各色的色点多次叠加形成画面形象,色调既明快又稳重,运用的是印象派的点彩技法。柯文辉评价“李叔同不去逼真的描写人物,而努力去捕捉人物周围的光线和空气。”[②]画作笔触生动,笔法潇洒,体现了李叔同的见解——“西洋画最重笔法,与中国人写字同。”[③]

画面右上角有朱色颜料楷书签名“(李)1911”。

2、画面保存现状  

画面颜色层保存较好,无灰尘,已经过保存单位的修复,无太多裂纹。从画作表面可以看出,画面经过颜料多次反复覆盖,而且最后几层用色较厚,颜色肌理明显。底层笔触较大(画笔型号会大一些),表层为纯色小笔触色点,与李叔同所述“下涂”、“上涂”之方法相符。[④]笔触方向多顺形体结构斜向交叉用笔,背景部分多竖向用笔,笔触像短线,用笔潇洒又肯定。日本学者西槙伟记述“尽管油彩涂得很厚,但没有剥落。把画拿在手里,显然比曾孝谷等人的自画像重。”[⑤]

 

 

二、对李叔同油画《自画像》的新发现。

 

“芳草长亭”展览筹备期间,笔者负责了此作品全程的交接和布展工作,仔细检查过《自画像》的每一个局部。多次端详作品之后,越发觉得此作品绘画水平之高,在百年之前的中国实属不易。这不仅仅是一幅简单的自画像习作,其艺术水平远在同时代国人之上,是一件有革新意义的绘画作品。

原作表面的笔触肌理和颜料色层留下了丰富的历史信息。面对原作,笔者有了几个新的发现,这些发现更凸显了此作品的重要时代意义。这些新发现不易被人察觉,是以往通过观看图片所无法传达的。

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图4 《自画像》画作表面有多处划痕

发现一:自画像面部的方格划痕

 

笔者通过仔细观察李叔同《自画像》的画作表面,在人像部分的面部发现了多处直线划痕。这些划痕横竖相间,架构出多个规则的正方形(见图4)。笔者将这些划痕一一标识出来,可以看到共有五条横向划痕,三条纵向划痕,横纵间隔约6厘米,将脸部均匀分割为8个正方形的区域。划痕的出现在西画作品中并不常见,这些划痕是否是作者亲手所为?是意外还是有意为之呢?


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图5《自画像》画作表面划痕轨迹标示

通过作品表面的局部放大图(见图5),我们可以看到划痕十分笔直,应是借助了规尺等工具。划痕很深,边缘清晰,应该是锋利的画刀或刀子在画面上割出的。从划痕中还可以看出,手工控制刀具时的发生的抖动和失误(见图6),并不是机械式的笔直,而且长短有所不同。横向划痕较纵向划痕用力、明显、开口也更宽,应该是横向较纵向更为容易发力所致(见图7)。划痕的交汇处痕迹清晰,可以推断所有划痕为一次性划出(见图8)。

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图6《自画像》画作划痕中,有些部分因手工操作而出现失误和更改的痕迹

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图7-1 《自画像》画作横向五处划痕图                                                                                                                            图7-2 《自画像》画作横向五处划痕

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图8《自画像》画作划痕横纵交叉处 局部

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图9《自画像》画作划痕颜料翻起处

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图10《自画像》画作划痕被颜料覆盖局部

仔细观察划痕,可以看到非常重要的两个特征:一是,划痕都很深,周围色层平整,已不见布纹,而且有些局部还有颜料翻出(见图9),可以推断划痕是在绘画进行到一定程度后实行,是绘画过程中的一次修改,而不是一开始时所画的比例参考线;二是,可以看到,部分划痕被后来所涂抹的厚重颜料所覆盖,一些划痕若隐若现,几乎已被填平,若不仔细观察,甚至都看不出来(见图10)。这说明了,划痕是出自作者之手,而不是完成后,如修复师或外物、外力所为。[⑥]

通过以上所述,可以推断出:这些划痕是作者李叔同本人在创作过程中有意为之,而且十分果断。

那么李叔同在完整的画面上画出这些划痕作何用途呢?这对于作品的创作有何作用?

从划痕所组成的方格结构可以看出,划痕横平竖直,尤其是纵向中间的划痕基本在人物面部眉心的中心位置,将面部对称分开(又见图4)。五横三纵的划痕将面部(竖向自额顶至颈部,横向在两颊之间)均分为八个部分,明显是作者希望有此方格来矫正对称的五官的造型。这样一个形式,与西方传统创作中“方格放大”的方法十分一致,这种创作方法一直沿用至今,尤其是用于一些不好用肉眼把握的重要位置和精细部位的放大摹写。

李叔同在日本接受了五年规范而系统的西画科班教育,所以他对这种“方格放大”方法一定十分熟悉,在此应用也不足为怪。但是,在传统西方绘画创作中,“打格放大”是作为将创作草稿放大、转移到正稿的一个手段,一般都是用炭笔或铅笔,在作品最初的定位、起稿时期使用。着色后,尤其是画面画过很厚的颜料后,很少使用。像李叔同这样用刀划透色层,划出如此规范的方格,更没有见过,甚至在完成的画面上用刀割出的痕迹还如此明显,影响到了绘画表面的平整、美观。

那么,李叔同为什么要在作品创作的中期,将平整的画面大胆的进行刀割,最终完成的画面还露出十分影响画面效果的划痕,而没有特意掩饰呢?

一方面,李叔同对待事业是十分严肃的人,他的认真是出了名的,有时甚至不被人所接受。另一方面,李叔同对于母校——东京美术学校的感情是十分深厚的,与母校一直保持联系。他曾将所编《乐石集》专门寄给母校,并后来致信母校告知自己出家之事,用词极为恭敬[⑦]。所以,李叔同对于给母校留下的唯一作品——毕业创作自画像应该是十分珍视的。接受了东京美术学校严格教育的李叔同认为在肖像画创作上,形象的准确性是十分重要的。在李叔同的艺术论述中可以看到这样的认识:“中画常在表现形象中,重主观的心理描写;西画则从写实的基础上求取形象的客观准确……西画从形似到形神一致,更到出神入化。”[⑧]“西人之画,以照像片为蓝本,专求形似。”[⑨]“肖像  画肖像须与本人相似,故第一须画正确之形。”[⑩]可见李叔同所认识的西画中,形似是西画区别于中国画最为重要的一点。他认为,在西画中,只有达到形似,才能谈传神 。而从划痕的位置和肖像画创作的特点来看,划痕的目的是调整五官的位置和形象,要追求毫厘之间的准确。使用这个方法也说明,李叔同一定准备了一个更为准确的草图或蓝本供他检查参考。所以在绘画已完成大半的时候,对画面仍然不满意的李叔同,大胆突破常规,采用最为准确、严格的手段来调整造型,以表示对母校、对艺术创作的尊重。这八条划痕,帮助李叔同在创作的最后阶段调整了形象的准确性,进一步的深入刻画,提高了画面形象的准确性和表现力。也因为李叔同绘画技巧的巧妙和划痕制作的精细,划痕对画面的影响降到最低,以至于百年间并没有人注意到。

从这些划痕的出现可以看出,李叔同对待艺术的态度是极为认真和一丝不苟的。这一步骤的使用不仅使这件作品的形象上更为传神,而且很好地说明了李叔同对于艺术创作态度的严谨和对于西画艺术精神研究的深刻。

 

发现二:画作蓝本为李叔同肖像照片

 

刘晓路老师1997年发表在《美术研究》的文章《肖像后的历史 档案中的青春:东京艺大收藏的中国留学生自画像(1905-1949)》中最早向国内学界介绍了东京艺术大学所藏多幅中国留学生油画自画像,其中就包括这张李叔同的《自画像》,文中提到“据资料馆艺术资料科科长松永光广先生介绍,它们都是画家对着镜子写生而成的。因此,与实际的人左右正好相反,有些作为背景的汉字也是反的。”这一说法在1921年刘锦堂(王悦之)的《自画像》作品(见图11)中体现的最为明显。

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图11 《 自画像》刘锦堂(王悦之)60.6x45.5 cm

布面油彩1921 年日本东京艺术大学藏

(此图片由东京艺术大学提供)

那么李叔同的《自画像》是否也是对镜写生而来呢?

松永光广先生所说“与实际的人左右正好相反”很有启发。镜像与实际物象是反的,这是一个非常有意思的常识。由于人脸五官的不完全对称性,镜像的不对称和实际也是相反的,简单地说,有的人左眼高、右眼低,在镜子中就变成了左眼低、右眼高了,这可以作为一个判断画作使用照片做素材还是对镜写生的依据。

笔者对比李叔同各时期的照片图像(见图12),发现李叔同的长相十分端正,但左侧眉毛自幼年就比右侧眉毛高一些,右侧嘴角也略高也写,这个特征可以作为我们对比论证的一个有力证据。

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图12 李叔同生平照片头像面部五官特征对比

对比李叔同《自画像》和与创作年代最为贴近的李叔同毕业照头像局部,可以看到,画作中李叔同眉毛、嘴角的高低并不是想象中对镜写生的镜像效果,反而是和照片中趋势一致(见图13,有参考线),没有镜像的效果。通过这个对比,可以得出结论,李叔同《自画像》最终的完成形象所参照的蓝本是自己的肖像照片,而不是对镜写生的素描草图。这个蓝本照片也就应该是之前所分析的划痕方格的参照物。推测李叔同将画作和照片都打上相同比例的格子,进行造型上的参照对比和调整。

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图13 李叔同脸部特征对比 有参考线

李叔同自画像为什么要参考照片,而不是一般自画像的创作方法——对镜写生呢?他在文章《中西画法之比较》中开篇就说“西人之画,以照像片为蓝本,专求形似。”[11]他还在《西洋画法》中,介绍肖像画法一节中写道“肖像  画肖像须与本人相似,故第一须画正确之形。”[12]可见“形”,尤其是正确之形,对于李叔同是“第一”位的。李叔同也曾写道“画人物画较风景难处,在人物好活动,取形极不易。”[13]而照片中人物形象准确,并很持久,虽然当时只有黑白照片,但对于认真的李叔同已经是十分好的创作蓝本,不可多得的素材。所以,李叔同使用照片进行创作也十分合理和必要,同时这也体现了他的艺术思想和追求。

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图14 李叔同《半裸女像》(局部)       图15  李叔同《朝》(局部)

同时对比李叔同生平照片,我们也发现,《自画像》中所绘李叔同与现实中的形象相比,造型圆润饱满了许多,好像胖了很多,不像现实中所示那样清瘦。(见图13)不知这是何种原因?笔者推断一种可能是:此时的李叔同确实胖了;另一种可能是:这是李叔同绘画造型上的一个特点——造型饱满、圆润。而这个造型特点,在李叔同的其他画作《半裸女像》、《朝》(见图14、15)中都有所体现,有待我们继续研究讨论。

 

发现三:画作背景中右侧重要位置绘有一女子

 

李叔同《自画像》的背景,大致看来是一处绿树成荫的空场,有大片的黄色的草地,像公园,也像庭院,阳光感和空气感十足,非常符合印象派风格和要求,使整个画面充满温馨的阳光。一直以来,大家只把背景看作是李叔同对于向印象派技法的致意,一个简单的外光风景。但笔者在仔细欣赏画作之后,发现在背景当中李叔同有着精巧的构思,有着更多的内容。

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图16 《自画像》背景中绘女子局部           图17 《自画像》背景中绘女子轮廓示意

笔者发现在画作中部右侧,人像面颊和最右侧大树之间的远景当中,李叔同用简单的几笔,廓出了一个女子的背影(见图16、17)。这个女子着收腰长裙,腰部后倾,两腿分开站立,右臂抬起,女子的身前一块蓝白色呈长方形,好像是挂在空场上的床单。简单几笔,描绘了一个女子晾晒衣物的场面。这个场景,李叔同是放在整个背景的大环境当中来处理的,利用了背景原有的底色,只是在女子的身形上用几笔重色和亮色将轮廓廓清。如果不仔细观看,很容易看成是远景中浅蓝色的树影,与背景仿佛融为了一体。

虽然简简几笔,却将女子的身形、动作刻画得十分传神,使画面的背景有了生机和层次。这位女子的位置在画面的中部居右的位置,紧挨着李叔同的面部,是画面十分重要和中心的位置。

这位女子是谁呢?为什么李叔同会在背景当中的重要位置,描绘一位女子呢?

笔者认为这个女子的安排应该是李叔同《自画像》整体构思非常重要的一部分。

1911年,李叔同已经在日本生活了六年,专业学习西画五年。在这期间,李叔同发奋学习西洋艺术,此外在个人生活上也收获了幸福,一位为他做模特的日本女子(传为邻居家或房东的女儿)结为了夫妻。而这个日籍妻子也随李叔同回到了国内,并在上海居住。

1911年,李叔同即将毕业,这时他的生活中已经有了另一半,相较于刚到日本时的丧母之悲,此时的生活应该是十分幸福,充满希望的。

再看画作,李叔同在画面中精心设计了夫妻幸福生活的标准一景:男主人李叔同的形象神情平和而自信,着装正式,此时已是学业有成的知识分子、踌躇满志的艺术家,而背景中的女子在阳光下悠闲地整理着床单,打理着温暖的小家。笔者认为画中的女子描绘的应该就是李叔同的日籍妻子。有家有事业,一派幸福的生活场面。这样的构思盘活了整个画面,使得李叔同的自画像不再是一幅简单的标准像,为留念而做的画像。而成为了反映真实生活状态,有着浓浓生活气息、叙事情节,并且饱含感情的绘画作品,是李叔同日本生活幸福的写照。这种构思和印象派反映日常生活的理念是一致的。

这个女子的安排位置又极为重要——在画面中部偏右黄金分割的位置,隐含在整个背景环境中,既盘活了背景空间,又很好的处理了主要人物——李叔同和女子之间的主次关系。画面中有了女性的设置,使得画面意义更为深刻,内容也更为充实,《自画像》超越了一幅简单的画像,成为有着完整构思的绘画创作。

 

可以看到,李叔同将这幅作品看作是五年学习的总结和留学生活的纪念,从画面构图、立意,到技法的运用、画面的绘制,处处都体现着李叔同的认真和用心。他将精心创作的作品留给他热爱的学校,可见李叔同对于在日本所学的自信和自豪,对于未来国内事业发展的美好憧憬。

 

三、对于李叔同《自画像》以往评价的一些意见

 

作为美术史当中的重要人物,近年对于李叔同《自画像》引用和刊登较多,但没有太多深入的评价和研究,影响较广的是刘晓路老师最早的评价,因为当时他第一个将作品介绍到国内,也是唯一一个见过原作的中国学者。

刘晓路老师是挖掘和介绍李叔同《自画像》的最有贡献的一位前辈,是他千里迢迢,不辞辛劳,将中国早期留学生的自画像作品从东京艺术大学资料库上千张的作品中挑出,并介绍到国内,填补了很多空白。在刘晓路先生的文章中,对李叔同的自画像有此评价:“画面的主人公正襟危坐,酷似中国传统绘画中的写真像,显得成熟稳重,不像后者那样面部恭顺呆滞。然而,李叔同的自画像终究处于中国油画的初始期,尚未脱离中国传统画中的写真手法,带有清宫收藏的19 世纪末油画肖像的痕迹。其外表为油画,骨子内还是中国画。”[14]另外在柯文辉先生所著《旷世凡夫 弘一大传》中,也有一段刘晓路关于李叔同《自画像》的评价:刘君说:“这张画风格写实,造型准确,色彩鲜艳,仍很质朴,没有国内宫廷西洋画师郎世宁等人甜媚之气,与他后来靠近印象派的花卉画法有些不一样。他已剪去辫子,留分头,没有一点当时日本流行的照片式画法影响,眼神稍见忧伤,不迷惘,颇见才气。我已向日本校方保证,不得借给他人发表,所以请原谅,不能送您反转片。”[15]

可以看到,刘晓路老师对于李叔同画作的评价是正面的,基本上是肯定的,但对于画作本身的艺术水平并没有给予很高的评价,只是“成熟稳重”“颇见才气”。

在刘晓路老师的评价中,认为“画面的主人公正襟危坐,酷似中国传统绘画中的写真像,……然而,李叔同的自画像终究处于中国油画的初始期,尚未脱离中国传统画中的写真手法,带有清宫收藏的19 世纪末油画肖像的痕迹。其外表为油画,骨子内还是中国画。”这个结论主导了许多人对于李叔同自画像的认识,认为李叔同的自画像只是中国人学习西画的早期学步之作,一幅传统的写真。“其外表为油画,骨子内还是中国画”一句认为:李叔同并没有学到西画的精髓,可谓研究不深。笔者认为这是刘老师对于原作只是短暂接触[16],对于李叔同的艺术见解并无深入研究的结果,是通过已有的知识对于图像的直观解读。

https://timg1.artimg.net/museum-image/image/201904/sy_1556432276676883.png 1556432295477283.png 1556432311338016.png

图18 自画像 丢勒(德)              图19 自画像 维亚尔(法)                      图20 自画像  博纳尔(法)

刘晓路老师因为“画面的主人公正襟危坐,酷似中国传统绘画中的写真像”就认为“尚未脱离中国传统画中的写真手法,带有清宫收藏的19 世纪末油画肖像的痕迹。其外表为油画,骨子内还是中国画。”这种说法,也把李叔同的艺术创作想简单了,他只是看到了李叔同作品中貌似标准像一样的肖像图式,而没有深入的分析画面、理解画面的整体立意,把作品当做了简单的写真。不光在中国传统绘画中的写真像是“正襟危坐”的,在西方绘画中也有多幅正面半身的经典自画像作品传世,如丢勒和博纳尔、维亚尔的作品(见图18、19、20)等。仅因为李叔同是中国人就将正面半身的图示简单的解释为与中国宫廷写真画的联系是有些牵强的。李叔同在介绍西画肖像画创作时曾写道“画肖像时,本人不可故作特别姿势,用寻常习惯之姿势最妙,否则恐不像。”[17]可见,李叔同选择最为常见和普通的正面姿势与表现他的形象是有关系的,他希望给母校留下的是完整的、清晰可辨认的形象,而不是因为“未脱离传统绘画的写真手法”。同样是在《西洋画法》中“画肖像,以颜为重。故颜之部分须加意描写,但不可过于纤巧、细微。总而言之,当画出本人之性格为要。若仅于眼眉之间,求其酷似,则为下乘。”[18]可见李叔同十分重视作品的艺术性而不是简单的写真,而且是追求“从形似到形神一致,更到出神入化。”而且李叔同在画面中营造现实家庭生活的情节和场景的立意也说明了这幅自画像不仅仅是一幅像证件照一样的肖像。

另外李叔同详细介绍西画的《艺术谈》、《西洋画法》、《图画修得法》等几篇重要存世文章都说明,李叔同对于中画与西画之间的区别与特点有清醒而明确地认识,对于西画有完整的学习和吸收,不是只学习描摹技巧而不懂理论的初级模仿。所以仅从李叔同所处时代就认为“李叔同的自画像终究处于中国油画的初始期”,认为作品终究还不成熟的评价是与李叔同的学习成果和艺术造诣不符的。

从原作来看,李叔同《自画像》是李叔同西画技艺纯熟时期的作品,这幅作品可以看出李叔同通过自己的努力,深谙西法,熟练的掌握了西画的技艺,而且通过极高的艺术造诣,在绘画创作上已经达到了很高的水平,超越了时代的整体水准,在百年后的今天,其艺术气质和技法也是十分值得肯定的。笔者认为对于李叔同《自画像》应该更加重视。

 

四、结语

 

通过画作制作方法和画面内容、立意上的新发现,我们可以看到,李叔同《自画像》这样一幅看似简单的小型肖像作品,其承载的信息量是足够丰富的。这些新发现使我们更为具体的了解了李叔同对于艺术创作的严谨态度,了解了他的创作方法和经营画面的方法,应证了文字记载的李叔同对西画艺术的许多认识,对于我们研究李叔同西画艺术,研究中国人接受和学习西画的过程是十分重要的。《自画像》可以作为代表李叔同西画艺术水平的代表作品,也是当时中国人学习西画的一个里程碑作品。

对于原作的研究是艺术史研究的重要方法,李叔同油画《自画像》原作的研究还仅仅是开始,还有许多值得探讨的问题。希望本文的新发现能对使大家对于李叔同艺术的认识更为具体和鲜活,深入分析作品,真正欣赏艺术作品的美与魅力。

 

同时感谢东京艺术大学提供图片,中央美术学院美术馆修复师徐研为此研究拍摄清晰的画作局部,并进行了有益的探讨。感谢王璜生馆长、陈星社长对本文的中肯建议。

 

 

     2016年3月于后沙峪结稿,4月修改,11月22日结稿,2017年3月调整。

   


[①] “芳草长亭:李叔同油画珍品研究展”于2013年3月1日—4月25日在中央美术学院美术馆2A展厅展出,本次展览由中国中央美术学院主办,日本东京艺术大学协办,中央美术学院美术馆承办。首次将李叔同非常珍贵的两幅油画作品《半裸女像》、《自画像》同时展出,并展出了相关的研究成果,极具研究性。展览得到了学界和社会的良好反响。

[②] 柯文辉编著.旷世凡夫 弘一大传[M],北京: 北京大学出版社, 2010.04 : 68.

[③] 李叔同.西洋画法  序言//郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:79.

[④] 李叔同言“画油画有下涂、上涂之名目。下涂为入手所着之颜色,即阴阳面、大调子与大致之色彩。下涂宜用大笔,大胆描写,不必着意细部,务于大处着眼。阴阳面、大调子与大致之色彩定准后,下涂之事乃毕。故下涂非仅着一重色之意。全体虽已着色,阴阳面、大调子与大致之色彩不准,下涂之事仍未完。普通八号画布,下涂亦须费半日以上之力。入手时以木炭或铅笔画草稿,重在取形。下涂十分完整,然后上涂。上涂即依各处部分,十分精细描写。”,参见 李叔同. 西洋画法  第三章 油画//郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:79.

[⑤]柯文辉编著.旷世凡夫 弘一大传[M],北京: 北京大学出版社, 2010.04 : 67.

[⑥] 笔者在交接作品过程中,曾询问过日方交接人员关于划痕的问题,他们曾说应该是存放作品的搁架搁的,因为之前存放条件不好。现在看来此说法不能成立。

[⑦]郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:200-201.

[⑧]《中西绘画的比较》,李叔同著.弘一法师全集04 文艺.诗词,北京:新世界出版社,2013:108。

[⑨]《中西画法之比较》,郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:54.

[⑩]《西洋画法  第二章 水彩画》,郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:89.

[11]《中西画法之比较》,郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:54.

[12]《西洋画法,第二章 水彩画》,郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:89.

[13]《西洋画法,第二章 水彩画》,郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:89.

[14] 刘晓路.肖像后的历史 档案中的青春:东京艺大收藏的中国留学生自画像(1905-1949)//美术研究[J],1997 (3)

[15] 柯文辉编著.旷世凡夫 弘一大传[M],北京: 北京大学出版社, 2010.04 : 67.

[16] 刘晓路.肖像后的历史 档案中的青春:东京艺大收藏的中国留学生自画像(1905-1949)//美术研究[J],1997 (3)

[17] 李叔同《西洋画法,第二章 水彩画》,郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:89.

[18] 李叔同《西洋画法,第二章 水彩画》,郭长海,郭君兮编.李叔同集[G],天津:天津人民出版社,2007:89.



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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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