华锦与褧裳——郑锦艺术风格及画学思想探析

内容提要:在中央美术学院百年校史与中国近现代美术发展的历史叙事中,郑锦是一个既熟悉又遥远的名字。作为近代中国第一所国立美术学校的创校校长,他早年留学日本,中岁京城办学、赴华北农村推行平民教育,晚年寓居粤澳潜心创作,其生平经历浓缩了20世纪前中期中国社会与文化的发展脉络。本文从相关史料文献和作品图像分析入手,在美术史研究与艺术本体论的双重视角,对于郑锦的中国画创作实践和画学思想进行了较为深入、全面的分析,力求在通过史料文献还原相关历史场境的基础上,发掘郑锦个案研究的历史意义与现实价值。

关键词:郑锦;留日画家;北京美术学校;澳门;岭南画派



作为中国近代留日专攻画学之第一人、20世纪中国第一所国立美术学校的首任校长,郑锦在中国近现代美术史上是一个绕不开、又未曾说透、难以作价值定论的艺术家。如何从美术史与艺术创作论两层语境重识郑锦,在艺术本体层面给其相对深入和准确的定位?如何在民国初期中西艺术与新旧观念的交汇之中,还原当时的文化场域与创作生态?如何深入理解郑锦早年东瀛求学、中年北京办学、其后投身平民教育的履历轨迹,并将其放置于民国时期中国画本体延展与融合西法的宏观史脉中?这些问题都成为我们今日认识郑锦艺术特质的核心课题。

随着2019年1月“丹青锦裳——郑锦与中国近现代美术教育”展在中央美术学院美术馆的举办,“郑锦与中国近现代美术教育”学术研讨会的召开,以及郑锦研究学者陈继春所著《郑锦艺术研究》的出版,关于郑锦的个案研究,尤其在史料文献梳理层面进入到一个前所未有的新阶段。相较于以往,诸多相关史实文献的“拼合”与“去蔽”,使我们看到一个逐渐清晰起来的历史人物形象;而事实上,对于一位曾在绘画创作、美育实践上有过独特追求、艺术语言风格极具个性化特点的艺术家而言,我们对其艺术本身却依然停留在相对陌生与隔膜的境地。

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郑锦

对于近代美术史上的画家个案,关于艺术风格本体研究最为直接与原初的资料,恰恰是作品本身。郑锦作品的表现题材,与其创作分期的时序也呈现出某种平行性与复合性的关联,笔者认为大致可分为五个类型:早期留学日本创作的古典仕女题材,民国初期回国后经常表现的翎毛畜兽题材,20-40年代推行平民教育时期所反映的世间民生题材和历史人物题材,及40年代寓居澳门以后长于描绘的田园风物题材。从早年对于东瀛画学传统的汲取和融创,到后来远遁南国后创作风格的探索,写实造型、线性表现与强化色彩,一直是郑锦艺术的核心追求。如果我们追溯郑锦的艺术风格、画学思想与教育理念,总体来说他的艺术创作又受到四个时期与地域系统的影响,大致可以归纳为:

“东瀛—学院”系统(京都市立美术工艺学校、京都市立绘画专门学校时期)

“北京—画坛”系统(北京美术学校、北大画法研究会时期)

“华北—民间”系统(中华平民教育促进会时期)

“岭南—画派”系统(返粤寓澳时期)

在这一过程中,我们既可以看到其早期受东洋艺术影响,在留学日本与回国办学期间,藉近代学院新风为契机试图复兴中国院体绘画传统技法与色彩体系的努力;可以看到他在平民教育观念的感召下,选择为社会底层民众日常生活写照的人文关怀与现实关切;也可以看到其晚年寓居澳门岁月寄兴于丹青的探索革变。艺术创作中的写实性与象征性、现实意识与寓言诗意的错综交融,使郑锦的艺术充满了复杂、丰富而具时代气息的文化意涵。


华锦其文:古典仕女与翎毛花卉题材创作的东瀛意韵

郑锦(1883-1959),字瑞锦,号褧裳(也作絅裳),又号温泉居士,清光绪九年(1883)出生于广东香山县(今中山市)雍陌村。雍陌郑氏家族的族人多长于文采,善于融汇变通,勇于变革维新,中国早期资产阶级维新派的重要人物郑观应(1842-1922)即出自雍陌郑氏家族。

在与时人的交游范围和友人的评价中,我们可以窥见其完整、鲜活的人格形象。与郑锦共同留日学习的挚友陈树人(1884-1948),后来曾在《郑褧裳画展香江有感》一文中有这样一段评价和回忆:“迴遡留学东瀛时,与高剑父、高奇峰、鲍少游、郑君等,谈艺论道,日以为常,佥以国画固有特殊精彩,只欠科学方法,旧形式不能与时代合流,曾决从艺终生,尽力发扬创造,逾数十载,荜路隐约,前途渺茫,后起之秀,复不多观(西洋画除外)。而我五人,奇峰去矣!剑父老矣,少游体弱,余又从政,独郑君老如松柏,继续奋斗,完成大业,惟君而已。”1938年底,与郑锦结识于东瀛的高剑父(1879-1951)以及其他县籍的广东画人开始蛰居澳门,高剑父曾评介郑氏绘画“真美合一”。1945年,郑锦还与方人定(1901-1975)、容漱石(1907-1996)、鲍少游(1892-1985)等在中山石岐举办了联合画展。从其留日同窗、岭南画家鲍少游在悼念郑锦的祭文中所言“哭罢高(剑父)陈(树人)哭锦兄。”也可看出郑锦与岭南派画家的文脉关联,及郑锦作为“大智若愚之人杰”[1]的人格魅力。

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郑锦与家人摄于北京西四牌楼宫门口西三条十二号的家中 约1922年

1897年岁尾,郑锦在14岁即随其姊东渡日本,在横滨华侨私塾学习传统国学,按鲍少游所说,当时梁启超(1873-1929)等在横滨创办“大同学校”,而郑锦曾得到过梁启超的思想亲炙。1907年,郑锦考入京都市立美术工艺学校日本画科,成为中国留学日本主修画学第一人,[2]1911年毕业后考入京都市立绘画专门学校本科。1913年,郑锦以绢本仕女画《娉婷》入选日本文部省第七回美术展览,该作吸收了日本浮世绘富丽明洁的风格,在日本获得了广泛好评;次年《待旦》又入选“大正美术展览会”,再为中国人争得荣耀,如常任侠所言,此时郑氏“为中日艺坛所重”,成为民国前华人在海外艺坛最有成就和影响的人物之一。这幅画作也获得了日本画坛学界的称许,考古学家黑川真赖认为“唐代称为金碧辉映的技法久矣湮灭无存,今于郑君画中复见之,当于东方艺道添一异彩。”“其献伟矣!”[3]这一时期郑锦的创作,已将追求神似的中国传统绘画精神与解剖、透视、比例、光影等西画原理相结合,并充分吸纳了日本“浮世绘”色彩明艳、造型简括的特色语言。

1914年3月,从日本学成回国的郑锦开始在教育部教科书编纂处任职。他经上海抵达天津转北京舟次时,拜访了两年前返国的梁启超。梁氏为其撰《郑褧裳画引》一篇,文中如此引介评价:

郑生褧衣裳,负笈扶桑,秉色腾贵。彼邦绘画,受法于中夏,竞采于欧洲,……生冥心妙造,历逾岁纪,沿流析源,众长奄备,莫不细入毫发,而意惬飞动,务极规矩,归于自然,宋元众法,往往而合,其独秀当时者欤!东京市新古博览会、大正博览会、美国巴拿马博览会,竞致褒题,翕然精旨,东方学者,未能或之先也。自顷应聘归国,将之京师,维舟天津,乞辞于予。燕京帝王旧宅,首善奥区,名利崇朝,伎巧鳞萃;内府之所供,方家之所庋,词人佚老,旧贵巨室,并富收藏,各务元赏,于生之至,有不厚礼倒屣以和教者乎?竺于旧则,得所折衷,劘于新则,资以洏染,喜哉此行,可以游处矣。[4]

这段评价既对于郑锦在日留学的成绩介绍颇为详尽,也点明了郑氏画风特点的工细、自然、合于传统而具“冥心妙造”的特点。后来抗战时期的香港报章评其“学成归国后,即任国立北京美术学校校长,时与严自恺、汪洋洋、王悦之等,隐成一系。倡导艺术,不遗余力。北平故宫博物院,多藏艺术珍品,郑氏兼任文物组主任,旦夕留连其中,尽览中国古代绘画之源流。遂专致力于宋院绘法,其后来之作,具有浓厚之宋人胎息,盖自由来矣”。[5]亦点明了日本留学经历对于郑锦艺术的塑造作用,及其在线条、色彩的表现方面与中国古代画学传统暗合的事实。

在郑锦看来,绘画应为大众所赏,打破旧法,取各国所长、其他艺术门类所长以补中国画所短。1918年,蔡元培在北京美术学校成立大会上的演讲中阐明学科规划:“中国图画与书法为缘,故善画者,常善书。而画家又注意笔力风韵之属。西洋画与雕刻为缘,故善画者,亦或善刻。而画家尤注意于体积光影之別,甚望兹校于经费扩张時,增设书法专科,以驰中国图画之发展,并增设雕刻专科,以助西洋画之发展也。”[6]而在1917年10月即受聘筹建北京美术学校并任校长的郑锦,正是秉承了融合中西绘画、发展“新派”之“旧学”的理念。1922年10月26日,教育部批准升格“北京美术专门学校”,郑锦继续被任命为校长。在11月10日的升格“专门制度”庆祝大会上,郑锦邀请教育总长和部员、国立七校校长、国立八校联席会代表及社会名流50余人参加开学典礼。蔡元培讲演指出:“美术学校现改为‘专门’,望顾名思义,以后逐渐改良进步,以为国家美术之模范,尤须注重雕刻,以增进绘画之能力。”[7]以综合视野与新式观念改良中国美术,成为这一时期中国绘画创作与教学的主流思潮。

1920年,作为校长的郑锦与陈师曾、萧俊贤、王梦白、姚茫父、伍灵等中国画教员及西画教员组织了“花阴画会”,“以传授中西画法以期普遍美的技能及思想为宗旨”。[8]创作于这一时期、现藏于中央美术学院美术馆的《玉兰孔雀》和《狐狸》,以工笔重彩、辅以没骨画法的方式呈现了雪泥鸿爪的造化情韵,是郑锦画作中最能反映其受日本院体画风影响,同时也勾连着精微画风与写意笔法的传世名作。其中《玉兰孔雀》造型工谨、色彩明丽,《狐狸》色墨结合、以轻写重,二作将东洋绘画传统与民国时代特点相结合,也将晚清岭南画家居廉、居巢撞水撞粉画法融入其间,以其清新的格调展现出新文化运动前后社会时代所充盈的韶光烂漫的春意,亦能看到民国初期新思想的勃兴,及新文化运动包容中西、主张创新理念的影响。这也使其在对于精微与广大两种风格的探寻中,显现了某种超越性与前瞻性。

我们从郑锦当时常用作中国画教学范本、后还曾作双钩设色摹本的《景年画谱》中,可以找到这些动物禽鸟线条造型的出处,及其科学写实因素的来源。《景年画谱》是日本花鸟画家今尾景年受木版水印专家西村氏之托,以一年春、夏、秋、冬四季的花卉为主题进行系列写生,再配以生动活泼的禽鸟而作的册页,日本明治25年(1893),西村氏用日本黄纸以五色木版套印,后正式出版。从其留学日本的诸多习作及回国后的相关创作来看,这本画谱对于郑锦早期艺术风格样式有着重要影响。

图谱范本作为重要的教学依托,还体现在关于“图”与“画”的观念比较,和对于科学观念的接受。正如1928年刊行的《教育大辞书》所释:“画学上常以图画分而为二,凡写生画及记忆画等之一切自在画,称之为画。其以规矩器所画成之图,则称为图。”[9]近代图案学科也是在这一观念背景下发展起来的。在郑锦就任北京美术学校校长之前,曾于1915年任北京高等师范学校图画手工师范科教授,与陈师曾、李毅士等同事,西洋绘画技法与解剖、透视科学原理等已作为基础课程进入教学内容。据京都市立美术工艺学校1908年的课程表,除了艺术应用博物学、艺术应用解剖等课程,还开有代数、几何、物理、化学等纯科学课程。[10]而这些课程,我们在1918-1919年北京美术学校绘画科和高等部图案课的学科课程中亦能找到,从中也可看到蔡元培“以美育代宗教”思想的深刻影响,及其对“以科学方法入美术”策略的践行意识。

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郑锦与赵少昂摄于香港1941年5月27日

如果说留日回国后北京办学时期,是郑锦在艺术创作本体层面对于东洋、西洋绘画理法的消化整合期,那么后来寓居澳门期间创作所表现田园风物主题,则呈现了其独有的文人情怀与理想诗情。1940年中山沦陷前,郑锦携家眷移居澳门青州山麓一间名为“振兴”的废置工厂内,[11]困顿之际仍致力于艺术创作。正如李育中对于这一时期郑锦的评价,“交际少,艺术家脾气重,传播媒介极少注意,自然便十分寂寞了。而且他的画也不甚么投时尚,不大为人注意,便成了个自生自灭局面。”[12]此时郑锦的艺术犹如遁入一片“孤岛”或“飞地”,孤绝无助、兀自摸索,却也得以躲进书斋、在一张平静的画案之前,于艺术趣味、创作风格不拘成法,独辟蹊径。从其四、五十年代创作的一系列田园风物作品来看,已与20年代的工笔翎毛风格大异其趣。

如这一时期的《九如图》(1943)、《翠鸟荷钱孑孓飞》(1956)、《水上鱼游乐枝头鸟唱歌》(1958)等表现荷塘水趣,颇有心得。他曾对弟子吴公虎传授画水的方法:“难在水耳,盖鱼依水而生,无水则鱼无灵。故学鱼必先学水,因写鱼虽至毕肖,设无适合之水为之衬托,仍为篓中俎上之鱼耳。”“水之变化无常,轻风飘来,则涟漪接皱,如仅以勾勒法绘成块状小波,重叠堆砌,必生硬如木刻。必须于碧清浅绿之水面上,于适当部分轻轻加以有序之条纹,则轻风掠水,活动如真。”[13]此时的他陶醉于以自己独特的画法风格表现自然万物的生趣,寄托个人感受。如在《网中自由》(1958)中,三只鸽子被牢笼在铁丝网中,眼望着身边的粮米、网外的繁花而不得,无奈只能喟然兴叹,寄托了作者对自身处境的慨叹。其绝笔之作《似曾相识燕归来》(1959)更凝结着这种孤独中的企望,此时郑锦的二女儿郑秀眉远居昆明,父女二人近二十年没有见面,画家将其身体状况的衰退忧叹与思念女儿的急切心情皆寄于画中,清新中蕴含着哀婉之情。

寓居澳门时期是郑锦晚年的艺术创作高产期,其题材也相对集中于田园风物,如《春山小鹿闲》(1945)、《秋高气清》(1945)、《秋园红叶(猫)》(1949)、《秋郊暖叶(兔)》(1952)、《绣球狸戏》(1954)、《田头乐》(1957)、《鸡冠吐绶》(1957)、《寒天雁舞》(1958)、《两王并立》(1958)、《秋鹜振翅》(1958)、《夏熟睢儿肥》(1958)、《野趣》(1958)、《珍珠棠梨》(1958)等皆为这一时期的佳作,明显在题材和意趣上向传统花鸟画的文人诗情复归。如时人评价,“郑作亦以人物花鸟见长,花鸟多宗宋苑,笔意拟古,……然胎息甚深,功力湛纯。是善能取法古人而得其神髓者。若野狐参禅,自墯魔障,侈然自命为创作者,以视郑氏,则不免有愧矣。”[14]此外,这一时期的郑锦还有一些山水画创作,如40年代的《林下蹄声》《云深不知处》等。亦有观者曾特别关注其山水画,谓之“既脱尽‘士大夫画’,‘文人画’之习尚,复能发挥民族气魄”。在画法上“并出自工笔,既有洋画之色,复能充分保存国画题材,民族气魄,实非一般抄袭临摹者可比拟者也”。[15]

比起20年代的画作,这一时期的创作进一步借鉴了传统花鸟画寓兴抒情的手法,却仍然显现出浓厚的日本画风,对此时人亦有辩证而中肯的评价分析。如当时港澳第一“名编”、评论家陆丹林(1896-1972)看了郑锦画展后说:“本来日本的绘画,是采取中国画和西洋画混合而成,可以说是混血儿。故它的面目既有中国画的精神,又有西洋画的意味。而一般中国人在日本习画的只是注意它的基础方法,一切表现,还是注重北宗的画法,因之便不是由东洋全盘搬过来了。我看到郑氏最近的作风,就有这个感觉。”[16]从世纪初东瀛学艺,到世纪中叶寓澳创研,郑锦对于日本画风与美术教育理念的濡染、消化与整合,堪称近代留日画家群体中的最为典型的案例之一。

 

褧裳为质:世间民生与历史人物题材创作的时代关切

1924年,年过不惑的郑锦逢遇人生历程中一个重要的转折点。是年4月,因学潮运动,郑锦辞去美专校长和故宫文华殿主任等职务,到河北定县(今定州市)推行平民教育运动。对于其当时辞职离京,杨先让认为“志同道合者寡”是主要原因,[17]在以西方美术教育思想发展中国近代学院美术的同道者中,徐悲鸿留法离去、陈师曾英年早逝、李叔同遁入空门,加之社会混乱军阀割据,在这一混乱消极的时潮之下,郑锦最终选择了退出,转而投身平民教育。直至1937年回到广东、1940年移居澳门,以画自娱终老。

自从辞去校长和各种教职后,郑锦专心致力于农村平民教育。1927年,经晏阳初邀请,他来到河北定县,负责主持“中华平民教育促进会”的“直观视听教育部”。他们在农村推广识字教育,扫除文盲,提高公民意识,推介政府的各项措施;同时收集民间传统艺术作品、民谣、顺口溜、歇后语、年画。此时的他试图延续北京办学的理想,在社会底层的民间语境,建构相对完整、立体的“大美育”思想体系。如他提出设立(工艺)美术高中,小学及初级中学应重视图画及手工,强调美术于工业、于国家的重要性,计划筹建平民美术馆、平民图画院、游艺院、博物院、植物园、动物园、水产园等公共设施,聘请理论及实践专家引导大众审美。针对“愚、穷、弱、私”的民众生活现状,他认为首先要在人人取得最低限度的文字教育的基础上实施文艺、生计、卫生、公民四大教育。他亲手绘制了中国民众教育第一套千字课本中的几千幅插图,还创作、编著了以平民百姓为对象的成人教育课本及教育挂图,并著文论述平民教育,与诸多有识之士一起号召知识分子“走出象牙之塔,跨进泥巴墙”。[18]在民间艺术创作与建设方面,他还和同伴一道致力于搜集民间绘画、编辑画范、绘制插图、幻灯片,修筑农村露天剧场,培训农民剧团。

在其这一时期的画作中,可以看到他对于西洋画的色彩透视、唐宋时期中国画的金碧色彩传统、日本画一丝不苟的精谨技法的整合,也在生活体验中自然揉入了中国农村的年画风味,形成了自己独有的绘画风格。1936年,应孙哲生院长、吴铁城部长、杨子毅参议员的邀请,郑锦回到中山,协助建设中山县模范县治的专员,后又改任中山县平民教育会主任兼全县民军统率委员等职,为抗击日寇侵略出谋策划。这一时期,郑锦再次拿起手中的画笔作为武器,在三、四十年代创作了《抵抗》《日暮途远》《群英奋战》《民族意识》《故乡》等一系列号召全民抗战和表现民间疾苦的作品。他的关注视角由自然造化转向平民的日常生活,以小见大地呈现时代。如《日暮途远》(1930年代)以平实质朴的视角表现普通民众生活的艰辛,时人评其“一个‘赶脚儿’拉着一匹小毛驴,写尽三千万东北同胞情趣”。[19]《民族意识》(1949)则以花树荫凉下祖孙三人绘制士兵、兵器、飞机、坦克的民间玩具为主题,以天伦之乐的日常场景,以轻写重地展现对于战争年代的回望和怀想。这种从日常主题中发掘与升华的方法,正如李抚虹(1902-1990)观其画作后的感慨:“因为此类事实,普通人是容易疏忽的。他却把它来捉住,经过艺术的洗练,表现出来,便形成了一幅和这个时代最有意味的作品。由此看来,不一定要写飞机如何掷弹,大炮如何轰击,或持枪杀敌或吹号摇旗,然后始为之抗战画也。”[20]

1943年,美军开始对日宣战,在太平洋战场上节节推进,日军败相已现,欧洲战场上苏联红军的反攻也开始发起,以德、意、日为主的轴心国面临土崩瓦解。正是在这一年,郑锦有感全球反法西斯力量的日渐壮大,以满腔热情,每天站立作画六小时,创作了巨幅画作《春回大地》。创作这幅11米长、1米余宽的巨制共用了一年多时间,画中呈现了122匹骏马,或立或跑、或卧或坐,展现了画家对于时代主题的自觉回应。在这幅长卷巨制中,群马的形象显然来自于长期写生的素材积淀,在画法上也借鉴了宋画的范式。郑锦这一时期的新近画作已积存100多幅,在高剑父、邓芬、沈仲强、王铎声、梁彦明、徐伟卿、徐佩芝、何斗傑、佟绍弼等友人的劝说支持下,举行了平生第一次个人展览“郑褧裳画作欣赏会”,于1941年1月18日在澳门雅廉访大马路32号揭幕。

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“郑褧裳先生遗作画展”宣传海报 1959年6月

应该看到,对于平民风格的俯就贴近和对于早期学院风格的取舍,是郑锦艺术创作的主动选择,这与其在20世纪二、三十年代积极推动、参与平民教育的经历密不可分。在总结“美术(图画)于平民教育上为唯一之利器”的原因时,郑锦认为美术有“慰安性”“趣味性”“兴奋性”与“优美高尚性”的特点,提出“当今世界文明之国家,恒以为一国国民了解美术之程度益透澈者,其思想愈高尚,其道德益发达,而产业亦因之以发展,故竞谋普遍美术知识于民众。其法自蒙养教育,迄至大学,均设图画课程。但尤恐不足,于是多方进行,或立学校,或立机关,而竭力提倡所谓民众艺术或平民美术”。[21]他对于美术创作的理解,已然超越了形而下的技艺层面,而是将其放置于近代民族国家的完整社会体系之中,强调美术创作与美育的社会功能,尤其是对于普通民众的教化功能与引导价值。

以绘画呈现家国情怀和历史担当的意识,在郑锦研习绘画创作之初就有所展现,只不过当时更多以古装历史人物作为表现对象。如其留学日本期间创作的《待旦》(1908)以文天祥的英雄形象作为表现对象,人物衣着轮廓清整概括,在笔法上承继宋代院体风格,后来有人评其“难能处在其寻丈之品,皆以工笔出之,尤以《待旦》一帧,是追踪古代壁画绘法写成的。此法失传数代,只能从梦里求之。今郑君发扬而光大它,实为中国艺坛的宝贝,替中国文化放了异彩,还望郑君继续努力,揭起新进国画的大纛,为我民族艺术争光吧”。[22]这一时期前后,他还创作了诸多将文人诗意注入具有现代图式特征的画作,甚至直接以古诗为画题。如以杜甫诗《吹笛》中的次句为题创作《谁家巧作断肠声》,鲍少游在郑锦纪念文章中这样写道:“民二十一年春……一日,闻某君捐送宋画人物巨帧,众争传为宋元人佳制。予走视,色然惊喜,盖画乃我二十年旧雨郑褧裳大作‘谁家巧作断肠声’,人物巨幅也!”郑锦去世后,他又在《画意诗情忆古人》一文中赋诗曰:“宋元高才传彩笔,谁家玉笛响清音?翻疑梦境迷真幻;绝妙丹青感概深。五月落梅生绮思,十年浮海负初心。天涯久有参商恨,此夜诗成怅独吟!”[23]此类诗画相和的古典人物题材作品,还有高七尺、长丈四的巨制《西施咏》(分为《朝为越溪女》《暮作吴宫妃》两幅)等。这件作品的创作背景是1914年故宫古物陈列所创建,郑锦兼任北京故宫院副院长及古物陈列所文华殿主任。这一时期郑锦有机会亲视和近距离研究那些书画名迹,观摩熊希龄(1870-1937)、罗瘿公(1872-1924)等人所收藏的顾恺之、吴道子、唐寅、仇英等真迹。正因有此机缘,郑锦的画风开始追摹宋元风格,也深刻影响了其后来的创作,从对于东洋画风的追习转入对于中国文人画传统承继出新的延展,还尝试创作了多幅大尺幅的历史画。对此类历史人物题材的创作,画家、美术理论家胡蛮(王钧初)曾评其“布局宏敞,笔法纤细,色彩鲜艳,但人物之姿态和面部底表情,表现还欠充分”,但仍不失“为现代最先进的历史画家”。[24]亦是相对客观公允的评价。应该说,在传统延展与求变趋新之间,郑锦走的是一条中间路线,但无疑又是一条渊薮清晰而又孑然独辟的蹊径。

在其留日同学及岭南画坛同道中,鲍少游的《长恨歌》、高剑父的《南国诗人》等也是以古装人物形象表达现实寓意的佳作。时人多将郑锦与“二高一陈”一道归为折衷中西一路,并认为“他们摹过古画,通晓古法,弃去了宗派之优劣,运用科学的色彩精研写生妙法,使一楼一阁,仍有地脚,人物骨骼,不若木刻,花卉枝叶,含有水气,翎毛动物,肢体自然,成为充满民族情调的新国画创作。”“惟郑君褧裳,更有独到的贡献,他一生治画,品学兼优,故能尽兼上述诸美。”[25]潘天寿亦认为郑锦作为“受欧西画风之影响,而成折中新派者”“略带欧西风味”。[26]而事实上,虽同为留学日本学艺,“二高一陈”更为注重自然外光的因素,多取氤氲迷蒙的烘染,发展了注重明暗渲染、撞水撞粉撞色的岭南派画风,将日本京都写实画派名家竹内栖凤与清代“二居”传统冶于一炉;而郑锦则更重线条形式的美感与色彩的华美,以双钩线描、平涂赋色为主,受近代日本画范式的陶铸,遥接宋代院体画风,带有“‘罗可可派’的金碧辉煌”和“华丽细腻的装饰风格”,[27]这也是郑锦绘画风格独树一帜之处。

曾任民国教育总长、见证了郑锦创办北京美术学校的张一麐(1867-1943)在看了1941年郑锦的展览后,这样慨叹时代遭际中艺术家的命运:“君固不欲以画尽其所学,而世变沧桑,不得不以区区者见诸当世,岂独君之不幸哉。”[28]结合其早年京城办学和在华北农村推行平民教育的经历,我们可以更为深入地理解郑锦对于家国时代主题的自觉与敏感,及其由华美精谨的院体风格向朴素稚拙的平民审美复归的深层原因。

 

结语:郑锦的画学思想与艺术观

相比民国时期中国画论争的纷繁热闹,郑锦的画学主张看起来似乎并不响亮和激烈,在广度和深度上亦不如高剑父“新国画”和“折衷中西”理论那样体系庞杂、延展广泛。但作为第一所国立美术学校创始校长的艺术观,对于中国近代新式美术教育体系之影响的必然性又是不言而喻的。

郑锦留下的言论文本并不多,其主要艺术思想主张,集中展现在1920年发表于北大画法研究会《绘学杂志》上的《郑褧裳讲演录》和1927年发表于《教育杂志》第19卷的《平民教育运动与美术的提倡》等文章中。在1928年上海商务印书馆出版的《平民教育与平民美术》一书中,当讲到中国画的发展时,郑锦的态度颇耐人寻味:

(甲)中国画昔日之美术进化,因君主制思想以转移,国民居于被统治之地位,不啻民可使由之,不可使知之。因此民众直是孤陋寡闻。但斯时之美术,仍为有楫之舟。今日则不然,各人毫无拘束,虽一介之士,得以发展其个性,故近年来美术界之增长,有如春笋之怒发。考其现象,可分二派:(一)保守派。此派徒然因袭古人之形式,缺乏时代之精神,内不知民众意识之趋向,外不识世界思想之潮流。其结果不过宋之章甫之于越人耳。(二)新进派。其技术则由旧派画家所传授者。此派画家多属青年子弟。一方面感受新思潮,不耐守先人之遗业,故思欲有以改良之。惟以稚气尚多,不健全处,势所难免。然其勇往从事之精神,未尝不可取焉。[29]

由此可看出,郑锦在整体上主张接受新思潮,但又客观评判,不盲从西潮。进而他从中西美术的互补方面进行了深入论证:“我国美术向来多主印象的精神,虽富有美的要素,能表显雍和博雅民族之精神,然传统之观念太深,于学理及物质上不附者,势所难免。而一方西洋之学说倡明,诚有足取者。我固有所长,彼未必皆短,参和融会,去短取长,输入西方之美术,使东西美术相结合,构通学理。庶几中国固有之美术产生一种适合民众享乐样式:一方以西洋固有之技术,采取我国民生活状态、思想、精神等为原则,以产生一种适合中华民众实际生活需要之新中国之西洋画。”[30]一手伸向西洋美术以“构通学理”,一手伸向大众生活以应接地气,是郑锦针对中国近代美术发展提出的策略方案和践行方向。

正如陆丹林在20世纪40年代对于郑锦艺术风格新旧之辩的评价:“他的作品是带着另有一个姿态面世的,无论你说他是新派画也好,折衷派画也好,总之,他是用过深远的研究来写作的,不是东涂西抹随意描写,这一点,已可以见到他的功夫了。”[31]无论在中国近现代美术史还是20世纪中国美术教育史上,“带着另有一个姿态面世”的郑锦,既在古今、东西艺术之间取长补短,又在精英、大众文化之间跨越转换,他的所为、所言、所创,连同他的形象与身影,已经深深烙刻在中央美院百年校史与中国近现代美术史的文脉历程中。

华锦其文,褧裳为质,看似相反相悖,实则文质彬彬,相参相协,互为表里。

《诗·卫风·硕人》曰:“硕人其颀,衣锦褧衣。”《诗·郑风·丰》亦有“裳锦褧裳,衣锦褧衣。叔兮伯兮,驾予与归。”之句。“衣锦褧衣”意为在锦衣外面再加上麻纱单罩衣,以掩盖其华丽,常喻不炫耀于人。正如其名与字的喻示,锦名褧字,成为郑锦一生志向与时运的缩影:“锦”意为用彩色经纬丝织出的花纹织物,与其早期精致、富丽、工细的艺术风格相应;而“褧”意为用细麻布做的套在外面的罩衣,与其后期素朴、平易、粗粝的追求相合。

观其一生,从东洋学艺到归国办学,从修身立志到兼济天下,再从庙堂走向市井、从入世走向遁隐。这些跌宕起伏的传奇经历和复杂作用,一方面使其艺术风格似乎在“多元”中趋于“模糊”,另一方面却也清晰地倒映了留日经历、掌印美校、辗转南北、流寓粤澳等复杂经历对其艺术的影响。归根结底,“放弃”了精工的“华锦”,而义无反顾地选择了面向大众的“褧裳”,画风从高雅走向通俗,从富丽工致走向平实朴拙,正是郑锦艺术人生的终极价值与自觉选择。

 

[1]杨子毅:《郑褧裳先生之乡建工作》,《循环日报》1941年10月3日。

[2]据陆丹林所言:“郑褧裳,是中山人,是我们中国留学日本专习国画的第一人(李叔同即弘一法师,是在日本学习音乐手工绘画,不是专习画学的)。继着先后在日本正式入学校习画而毕业的,是陈树人、鲍少游、方人定、傅抱石等了。”参见庄本(陆丹林):《郑褧裳的画展》,《天文台半周评论》1941年10月9日。

[3]陈继春:《郑锦艺术研究》,人民美术出版社,2018年,第57页。

[4]梁启超:《郑褧裳画引》,《饮冰室文集》第五十六卷,上海中华书局,1915年,第38页。

[5]子雅:《郑褧裳之政与艺》,《探海灯特刊》1941年10月4日。

[6]蔡元培:《在中国第一国立美术学校开学式之演说》,《蔡元培美学文选》,北京大学出版社,1983年,第77页。

[7]原载《北京日报》1922年11月10日“美术专门今日之庆祝会”一文,引自李中华:《1917-1937年北京国立专门美术教育研究》,中国艺术研究院2005届硕士研究生学位论文,第29页。

[8]《花阴画会第一次夏期绘画传习所简章》,《北京大学日刊》1920年6月18日第637号。

[9]《教育大辞书》,“用器画”词条,上海商务印书馆,1928年。

[10]据《京都市立美术工艺学校一览》(1908年)书影,陈继春:《郑锦艺术研究》,人民美术出版社,2018年,第33页。

[11]莫小也:《20世纪前期聚居中国澳门的传统画家》,《艺术百家》2011年第5期。

[12]李育中:《岭南画派另一创始人质疑——广东画人钩沉之一》,广州美术学院岭南画派研究室编:《岭南画派研究》第二辑,岭南美术出版社,1990年,第72页。

[13]吴公虎:《郑师褧裳画展怀旧》,郑锦家属藏吴公虎手稿。

[14]虎岭:《郑褧裳画展观后记》,《探海灯特刊》1941年10月8日。

[15]黄道明:《郑褧裳的新山水》,《星岛日报》1941年10月4日。

[16]庄本(陆丹林):《郑褧裳的画展》,《天文台半周评论》1941年10月9日。

[17]杨先让:《难忘的一九一八——纪念北京国立美专创始人郑锦120周年诞辰》,《海外漫记》,新星出版社,2005年。

[18]张以瑾:《晏阳初:平民教育“传教士”》,《基础教育论坛》2013年第23期。

[19]向时:《郑君褧裳的国画》,《国民日报》1941年10月4日。

[20]李抚虹:《郑褧裳画展巡礼》,《华侨日报》1941年10月7日。

[21]郑锦:《平民教育与平民美术》,上海商务印书馆,1928年。

[22]向时:《郑君褧裳的国画》,《国民日报》1941年10月4日。

[23]鲍少游:《画意诗情忆故人——写于郑褧裳先生遗作画展前》,《华侨日报》1959年6月5日。

[24]胡蛮:《中国美术史》,上海群艺出版社,1948年,第19页。

[25]向时:《郑君褧裳的国画》,《国民日报》1941年10月4日。

[26]潘天寿:《域外绘画流入中土考略》,《中国绘画史》,上海商务印书馆,1926年。

[27]蔡星仪:《开济功难灭丹青艺永存——试论郑锦》,《美术观察》2003年第5期。

[28]张一麐:《郑褧裳之画》,《大公报》1941年10月1日。

[29][30]郑锦:《平民教育与平民美术》,上海商务印书馆,1928年4月。

[31]庄本(陆丹林):《郑褧裳的画展》,《天文台半周评论》1941年10月9日。


作者|于洋(中央美术学院副教授、中国画学院研究部主任、国家主题性美术创作研究中心副主任)

原文发表于《美术研究》2019年04期

编辑|郑丽君


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This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

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(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

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The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

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The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

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(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

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I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

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Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

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Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

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According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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