徐悲鸿与巴黎国立高等美术学院(1919-1933)


文/[法]菲利普·杰奎琳(Philippe Cinquini)

译/董智宏

随后关于我的学生,FAN YING,也是关于这个天朝共和国。他们在帝国的时期是神圣的,我想那么到了共和国也是一样。FAN YING是个很棒的小伙子,完全不傻,还非常聪明,学业上也很不错,尽管出勤有些不规律。我认为他需要谋些生计,他的宿舍也实在俭朴得很。所以,亲爱的朋友,给些好的建议吧。[1]


在这封于1915年7月写给他在巴黎国立高等美术学院(以下简称“巴黎高美”)的讲师同事拉斐尔·科林(Raphaël Collin)的简信中,费尔南德·柯罗蒙(Fernand Cormon)不无幽默地将一种有着历史深义的眼光(天朝帝国)和1912年以来中国出现的政治新局面(共和国制)接缝起来。他关于中国局势的这一轻讽,也同时不无动容地提到了他这位自1914年3月以来注册入他美院画室学习的学生。年迈的教授在此指明了中国学生在波拿巴街的初次出现,整个中华民国的时期,他们前来就学的人数尤其众多,直到1949年。确实,中国学生在两次大战期间,在绘画和雕塑系都是留学生中人数最多的,远超过美国学生的人数——更不用说当时几乎已经不再前往巴黎高美的日本学生人数。

自二十世纪一零年代末起,第一批“留法”学生的回国潮,在中国引发了艺术创作和教育方面的争论。得益于日本方面的启发之后,中国学生直接在巴黎找到了他们曾在东京略知一二的西方艺术范本。巴黎高美因此在三十年当中,都是留法中国艺术家主要的活动所在,也是中国和西方之间文化传承得以进行的一个重要的中心。

这个现象如何能在法国实现,随即在中国产生一定的效应,以致能在中国艺术界产生深刻影响,直到五零年代初呢?一切都要从中国和法国之间在世纪之初的良好关系建立开始。中国学生开始在巴黎高美留学,正符合着借鉴自法国学院派典范的共和国式美学方略;法国为此带来了它的支持。随后,中国学生留学巴黎高美,也成为不同艺术流派之间竞博的一个关键方面,最终这让那部分注重学习法国现实和写实主义的艺术家,从中找到一些推动中国艺术现代进程的要素。最后,徐悲鸿作为画家也在这一变革中扮演了一个起到决定作用的角色。通过对于学院派素描和油画艺术的精湛掌握,他以其初衷与共和国及人道主义的美术方略相合拍的绘画谋略,更新了中国水墨的艺术。直到1953年他过早离开人世,几代中国艺术家学艺巴黎高美的传承印痕才逐渐消褪。 


共和体制下的中国美学,或法国美院中的中国

巴黎是两次大战期间的全世界艺术首府,这一公认的观念实则不足以解释中国学生如何以如此大量的人数前来美院学习。正是中国施之于法国的观照眼光,点亮了一些深刻的、作为我们所研究这一现象之本源的意识形态层面原因。自十九世纪末以来,中国的改革家就设想与西方建立一种新的关系,来遏止住民族的衰落。尽管1898年百日维新失败,中国并没有放弃应对西方的挑战、以及在现代的强势力中找到自己的位置。在文化和教育层面,它以某种程度的西方化宣条,来对东进主义作出回应[2],这种东进主义融混了对西方绘画创作的研究、以及此类技法在中国的践行成效,同时也并不全部削减来自于欧洲视角的、想象层面的内容。重整旗鼓的这一努力促使众多中国学生出发前往外国学习,到美国、英国、日本以及欧洲。回到中国之后,这些学生能够变身成为现代化进程的推动和演行者。

在表现最先锋的中国变革者当中,许多都选择法国来作为范例。第三共和国在他们看来是及具有示范作用的,因在其中建立起了介于一个承袭自法国大革命的政治体系与一种在科学和工业时代仍蓬勃发展的人道主义文化之间的关系。法国文化的传扬同样基于较强的国家实力。这一相关性在中国的精英们看来尤其显著。至少直到二十世纪三零年代,法国所谓的学院派艺术——当时被整体视作为法国学派,都被作为法国天才们展露锋芒的佳绩表现。与李石曾、吴稚晖等无政府主义、热衷法国文化的知识分子较亲近的蔡元培作为大文人和同盟会的主心人物、也在一段时间内任教育部长,他推出了一种美学理念,即“新文化运动”。在科学和民主倡议的照应下,这一革命性的思想赋予了艺术在有待完善的革命进程中非常重要的一个职能。这一职能有很强的意识形态特性,在整个民国时期都得到承认。直到1942年它才让出位置,由另一种新的、在延安谈话中确立的艺术规念所替代,后者先在鲁迅学院施行试验,1949年之后,则在建于北京(1950年)的中央美术学院全面推行。

对蔡元培来说,艺术本身是一种变化的力量;它应处在与外域国家建立关系的中心,同时能加强民族的凝合力。艺术能够取代孔子礼仪宗统乃至宗教的位置。国家应该以一个能通过艺术和美育来改变精神思想方式的公共教育的体系来将之推展兴盛。尽管发生抵抗外国势力(包括法国势力)入侵的战役以及《凡尔赛条约》的破裂,这一中国理念下的美学观还是很大程度上从其在法国的范例中汲取到灵感。蔡元培同时也特别指出,中国朝向法国美术的飞跃,有着一个政治基底,这与日本方面的努力就形成了不同。1916年3月29日,华法教育会于巴黎成立之际所发表的讲话中,对法国大革命的参照首肯了两个共和国之间所能实现的对话。政教分离、人道主义、普世论和实证论都是“法国教育”的活力动能所在。尽管是在莱比锡接受的教育,蔡元培还是将中国置在了法国学派的辉映下:

然不得科学之助,故不能有精密之技术,与夫有系统之理论。此诚中国所得欲以法国教育为师资,而又多得法国教育之助力,以促成其进化者也。[3]

1918年是在中国的一个重要转折点,在北京建立起了艺术界的两个重要的教育机构。3月,蔡元培作为当时北京大学的校长,创办了“画法研究会”,这个汇聚了专家和创作艺术家的协会就像是个美术实验室。从理论到实践及教学,这个协会推崇中西综融的方式,所倚靠的是被视作科学方法的学院派艺术。4月,蔡元培也负任了中国第一所公立美术学校,北平艺专的校长。前者(画法研究会)当能组织带动一些教师,来实现对后者(北平艺专)学生的教学。在这两方面情况中,所期许的都是将已往日本获取的一些经验进行再度传授,另一方面则同时接收到一些从欧洲和法国探寻得的经验。现实主义、学院派素描、艺用解剖,再加上自十七世纪以来在中国已经为人所了解的油画技术,这些就形成了有助于完成一次领域革命的关键要素。蔡元培这一具体的理想主义思路以及所开拓的新式教学方法,使艺术画面在中国有了新的意义。作为被制造出的物品,画面呈现以新颖的方式达到了艺术作品的级别。作品则在显形于社会空间的同时有了自身价值。它不再只是其创作者道德品质的反映,而是其形式上的突出点所指征的一种高层面现实的传达媒介。而为了学习画出艺术性的画面,巴黎国立高等美术学院似乎是极其可信的一个参考渠道。

在一篇发表于1914年的文章中[4],蔡元培已经提到了巴黎国立高等美术学院,成为学生们选择前往学习的一个典范对象机构。经由罗马大奖,“巴黎美术学校”派遣一些最优秀的学员进驻法兰西学院。连同奖学金和旅学进修机制,蔡元培也概略介绍了美院的运行机制。他衷心期许的学生留洋进修得到了院方的支持。由国家资助,各艺术专校就能或者派遣留外,或者迎来最好的学生。通过这样的学生流动,巴黎国立高等美术学院就成为一个受到赞奖之地,它综合了历史纵横及其现代性考量。学院汇聚了许多美术大师、以及前来进修的艺术家,共同在对美的崇信中,通过一些官方支持来在社会中传扬其优善价值。 



法国在教育方面的努力,或法国在中国的(文化)传扬

《法文上海日报》《Le Journal de Shanghai》[5] 在1928年2月19日报道了法国驻中国大使前往南京访问的消息。这个城市还带有着北伐战争所导致的种种损毁痕迹,整个情势也充满着各种变数。在2月4日到达时,法国人一行由国民党官员方面紧紧守围住,才能在布满了虎视眈眈的士兵的这个城市里走动。但是,使馆代表团次日在蒋介石的衙府却受到声势张扬的接待。一行人跨过庭院,在《马赛曲》和时尚歌乐的曲声中一直到了迎客厅。宴席上,代表团见到了李石曾:他豪放不羁的身形、良好的谈吐以及十分流利的法语,都与周边紧张的军事气氛截然不同。随后又有了前往公共教育部的访问;在这段插曲之后,我们看到法国尽管总是盛名远扬,却在中国仍趋于劣势,于是会更多依赖教育投入和留法学生的这方面:

下午,德马特尔先生应公共教育部邀请前去拜访,在那里与几个从法国回来的学生会面。他用了一些合适的措辞向他们表示友善,以及对于一次有效合作的期待。至于蔡元培,他以惯常的殷切、优雅格调和迷人的风姿参与了谈话。(《Le Journal de Shanghai》,1928年2月19日)

如果对法国自19世纪中叶以来在中国的现身给予概览性的审视,就会发现矛盾之处在各个地方都有显现。一方面,法国的租借地和保护领地逐渐博得了地位的提升。;另一-方面,法国文化的影响也贯穿了中国文化和美术的发展,甚至渗透在中国革命的进程中。就在一战过后不久,法国方面的利益至少是间歇性地与中国利益相交汇。中国的这部分利益大约是超越了帝国的力量体系,以求收回自身势力,而法国方面则致力于超越租界的势力,而维护其自身的发扬光大。由是,法国在中国发展起了一系列教育管理 工程,其中最值得称颂的机构就是1903年建于上海的震旦大学,它是耶稣会所设立土山湾画馆的接续,同时在资金和教员调动方面得到法兰西共和国方面的大量支持,即便是在1905年教会与国家政权分离之后。上海法租界的教育监管员格斯布瓦先生这样描述道:“建立起共和国的一代人是被我们的政治哲思和大革命的记忆所吸引。如今的一代怀着创造的愿景和同样的理想抱负,就是去构筑国家在各个领域所必需的框架,他们其中相当-部分精英还是朝向我们在实现着转变。[7]”

这一情境下,上海的法国租界就成了两国之间的一-个嫁接点;它成为中国年轻艺术家和知识分子在寻求外国影响的过程中角力和试验的征场:许多人在抵达巴黎之前就已从中受到不少西式的浸染。基于此,蔡元培同样也重新把法国模范视作一种公众艺术, 在绝大多数人看来,它映射出了对取得社会和政治进步的共和国体制的憧憬。上海法租界的那些满是梧桐的街巷,装饰一新的广场空间、街亭、居住区、博物馆和公园等,甚至公墓和城市遗迹,都激发着艺术家们的想象,先期营造出一种真正的巴黎的模样,并对-一种在中国能够成为现代城市建设新框架的范例要素实现着勾画。


在巴黎高美的132名中国学生以及1914至1955年期间形成的三个学生团体

1919年12月24日,首批留学巴黎高美艺术家之一的李超士在上海美专做了-一次讲座。作为总结,在这所直到30年代都是中国最重要美术院校的私立美院任校长的刘海粟,在学生和广大老师面前做了如下讲话:

听李先生之谈话,知日本之美术学校及各种研究所,展览会办法,完全为摹仿法国的其情形亦甚相同。并劝诸同学,以后如赴日留学,不如直接赴法。[8]

据档案载,上述中法两国之间的联结,所导致的并非是派遣中国学生去加入巴黎画派的演变浪潮,而是将学生流引向了波拿巴街的学府。早先的一些相关研究已经形成-个在巴黎高美学习的中国学生就学名单。这些研究实际上有欠齐全,未能把国家档案AJ/52编号的材料中所能得到的资源继续深入。”它们仅限于检视三个系列的档案:入学竞考( concours d' admission )中的录取学生名单,画室(les atelers)学习注册名单以及可查得的学生个人档案(lesdossiers individuels )。 0然而通过这些文档无法将所有相关就读人员的身份都给予识别,因为其中不包括“预备班( galeries )'这一拼图中的重要一块图板。它们仅给出了留学现象的一个静态图景:注册入学名单无法从学生就学经历的时间和质量层面来反映其具体内容。甚至学生个人档案也不能给出完整的解答,况且被安排在预备班学习的所有学生并不都是严格意义上有记录的,二战之后,这些卷宗也几乎完全没有了踪迹。所以我们必须确证一种文件,它能帮助我们了解到学生们在美术学院学习的具体情况。那些到课名单( releves de presence)带给了我们解决方案。0它们几乎是日复一日地记录下了学员们在不同领域练习的进程[预备班、画室以及夜课( cours dusoir)等]。

这一调查能够帮助理解学生们在机构内的学习经过。但是这完全与-般大学或者 一所高等专科大学的教授课程不相像。 其特别之处,能通过巴黎高美自1648年作为皇家绘画和雕塑学术院的雏形建成以来的历史积淀给出解释。学院本身有一系列+分壮观的历史建筑,任何一个想要释读卷宗中各部分信息的人都需对其地理布局有所明了:预备班主要分布在研习宫(le Palais des etudes )和小教堂(laChapelle) 中,和伫立于辛迈馆(' Hotel de Chimay )的画室空间并无太大关联。和这些场所相符合的,是学生们的注册就读情况。赢得名次竞试( concours des places )后被官方录取要另当别论。81914年到1955年总计有132名中国学生前来,他们在两次大战的间歇期构成了绘画和雕塑科类人数最多的外国学生群体。借助- -张中国学生的完整名单,以及其艺术习练变化过程的详观视角,我们不仅能追踪这一现象在法国 40年的发展演变,也能理解其在中国本土所产生的含义。

我们从这张完整名单整理出一-张简化的表单, 上面显示出1910至1955年期间三个主要的、相互接续的留学艺术家团体,我们将其分别称为“先驱者( precurseurs)"“ 后继者( continuateurs)”“承接者(ertiers)”。“先驱者”从1914年开始其学习之旅。就其所在阶层而言,这批偏向无政府主义的精英曾十分积极地投入1911年的革命中,也是他们拉开了1919年“五四运动”的序幕。在巴黎,这一群体奠定了定的实践层面以及意识形态层面的基础, 我们所研究的留学巴黎现象才真正能形成气候。它定义了一个示范性的学习过程,包括校外的备考训练[-般是在 朱利安画院(1 AcademitJulian) ],随后是校内预备班内专注在素描方面的准备,接着还有在画室的练习。或早或晚,学生都会面临入学竞考。吴法鼎作为第一个前往巴黎高美的中国学生,就是这样在官方竞考中被录取的。女性画家和雕刻家,比如王静远和方君璧等,自1918年开始也出现在巴黎高美。女性艺术家的现身是中国艺术家学艺法国情况中的一大特征, 这就有别于日本留学生的情况。

从20年代初到40年代,出现了“后继者”的留学潮。不仅人数上达到了高峰,30年代时这百来名学生中现出了-些在学院竞考中出类拔萃的雕塑家,比如滑田友就曾多次竞获奖章。团体中占大多数的还是画家,但从中能察觉到一些多样化和专业化的趋势。他们大多数在抵达巴黎之前,已在中国艺术学校接受过专门的培训,他们对业已回国的先驱者们的经验已有耳闻。1934 年前后,能统计到将近30名中国学生同时在巴黎高美画室和预备班学习。考虑到学院机构在当时的物材条件,这一-数字已是相当可观。在辛迈馆的各个楼层和研习宫,都有在说中文的学生。[15]

随后在欧洲爆发的战事打破了这一艺术跃动局面, 但未完全对其构成阻碍。一些中国人就是在巴黎高美经历了整个德占时期。留学潮在1947年重来。彼时的学生潮已不那么生机勃勃,但承接者从1949年起先后往赴,一直持续到50年代。随后,中国学生在亚洲留学生潮中就渐渐不那么突出了:这包括越南、日本、印度等国的学生。而这一时期的中国学生不再只是来自大陆,也来自中国台湾和一-些海外侨居地。这是另一个故事开始,我们察识到的20世纪初中国留学现象,也就这样宣告了尾声。


从1924年的斯特拉斯堡共融到30年代的断裂

要集中运动的力量,要确定进攻的方向,为中国留法艺术界智与灵的检验,为中国艺术界联合战线的预备,我们才集合了二三 十个同志,草创这个(中国留法艺术学会的)集团。从1933年1月起,到现在已有6个月继续不断的聚会,6个月从头到尾的关于艺术问题的交谈,觉得这里的青年艺术家已决意要引导中国素乱着的艺术事业运动在一个明确的标的上。[16]

一旦实际内容在法国确立, 就有可能对留学巴黎高美的中国留学生现象,对其艺术身份问题加以圈范,并查检它是如何对中国 艺术 的整体变革形成压力。这一过程可细化为两股潮流。

在第一股潮流中,留经巴黎高美的学生人数过少,而无法在归国后的论争中取得统领优势,即便在波拿巴街所受的学院式教育对各个流派的领军人物都产生过影响。此股潮流,在20世纪头十年,直到20年代中期,产生了一种共识通融的艺术创作方式,高等美术学院的学习训练在其中占据了一个初启导练、几乎是必须经历的要位。归国后,这一重要导向作用则被简化,同时受制于一种陈旧的现代派的权威,它或多或少与刘海粟所领导上海美专的中坚位置相对应。而如果说学院派和自然主义的艺术倾向还未在中国形成强力,现代主义的追随者们却也并未与法国美术的训诲相割裂,就拿林风眠来说,他也借取了所需要的一些要素,然后再与之相去离。0

1924年斯特拉斯堡的展出标志着这一留学现象延续了将近十年之后的一个关键时刻。它集结了大多数当时的艺术先驱,对其在法国的学习经验做了概括性的呈现,囊括了各方面有影响的创作力量,以及那些自此成为流派之首的学员们的谋划构想。0林风眠当时由蔡元培推荐,1926 年回国时担任了北平艺专校长,随后在1928年成为“国美",即新成立于杭州的国立艺术院校长。刘海粟则通过在上海的私立美校,-定程度上保留着对从法归来或将去国留法的人员往来的领导权,尤其因为赏识处在创作初期的潘玉良而使自己的声势得到提升。

这一情境下,在20年代初期,徐悲鸿推崇的法国学院派艺术,以及偏自然主义笔触的现实主义等激进立场,在第一 时间将他隔地死立在了业界之外。1927年末回国之后,他开始在艺术 内开展一番攻之势,并以正留学巴黎高美并在那里茁杜成长, 为数众多的中国艺术家作为说发理由,由此他受蔡元后的派道,到南京中央大学任职,行破了在国内由温和现实主义主掌局面的平衡态势。

在我们的演绎分析中,能看到法国方面的经验由回国 的艺术家们再度引入后,戏剧化地引起了大量论争。1929年, 徐悲鸿在第一届全国美展期间打破了业内的种种默契而引发了一场笔战。“争执在192年激化,徐悲鸿笔锋直指刘海粟以及他早先在国内不无矫饰地论及的自己与阿尔伯特贝纳尔(Albert Besnard)之关系。整个中国艺术界此时一片哗然。自1928年起开始往巴黎送遣学生(包括颜文棵等)留学的徐悲鸿逐渐将巴黎高美的中国学生归集在自己身边。1933年,他回到巴黎筹备将在网球场美术馆( musee du Jeu de Paume)举行的中国艺术展。“照片资料中能看到他和建于同年1月的中国留法艺术学会的成员在一一起。这一学会的三十 多个成员都在巴黎国立高等美术学院就读。徐悲鸿把握住这一留学的现状, 使之成为在中国推行自己艺术和教育计划的有力武器:徐悲鸿学派。它或成为战后北平艺专向中央美院过渡的根基。

在20世纪20年代末到30年代末的这第二阶段成长起来的一代,包括画家常书鸿、吕思百、秦宣夫等,以及雕塑方面的刘开渠、王临乙、滑田友等。所有艺术家都认可徐悲鸿所更持的现实主义方式。就这样,巴黎高美的中国学生留学现象最终在30年代占据了主导。随后几年里,也就是二战结束之后,这一 群体中的艺术要员们都在国内艺术界显示出卓越的发展优势。

巴黎高美的影响之于中国艺术是有所变化的。在20年代末30年代初,从一个中心、各方赞同的位置,从学院及其倡行的学院派的艺术方式,逐渐转向了中国艺术界严格意义上是自然主义,也是徐悲鸿所主导的一种风派。1937 年在中国爆发的战事,终于让刘海粟和林风眠所捍卫并与徐派相抗衡的形式主义流派遭到削弱和边缘化。

1945年以后的局势在我们的查探视角中就不那么重要了。此时,巴黎高美在中国所需履行的职能都已完成。吴冠中在法国的学艺之旅,以及1950年他归国后的处境,都很能点明整个留学现象的尾声。美院完成了它所要传授的技艺,在留法中国艺术家心目中,它不再是唯一可倚助的院校, 当然其中大多数还是会经过美院的

学习阶段。从赵无极到朱德群,他们都追随着前辈们所走过的路途。一方面,星开放姿态的巴黎高美在新成立的中国美术院校看来似乎并不正统;另一方面,其惯常的优势在面对一些自由画院( les academies libres )的培训时又会显得低弱。如吴冠中的情况,他于巴黎高美师从了让:苏弗尔皮( Jean Souverbie),在蒙帕纳斯追随的是安德烈洛特(Andre Lhote)和奥东。弗里茨(OthonFriesz),先期也在国立艺术院追随过林风眠的形式主义画风,但无法在新中国找到有效用的空间,来将自己纷繁岔乱的法国学习经历重新投入其中。巴黎高美即便有苏弗尔皮一系的古典立体主义风格作为杰出水准的代表,也未能足以令他甘愿追随徐悲鸿的统领潮流。50年代初期,由这-中国学生学艺巴黎高美的现象所引发的“中国绘画之法式危机"”,就此告一段落。1947年, 继徐悲鸿在重庆(世界日报》发表了一篇对于我们这一研究极其重要的文章一(世界艺术之没落与中国艺术之复兴》之后,赵无极也决定不再回国发展。


徐悲鸿与“中西合璧”的问题

艺事至不易,勿慕时尚,毋甘小就。[22]

始斯卡:达仰布弗菜 (Pascal Daga-Bovee) 在20世纪20年代物给出的这些建议,徐悲鸿字句地予以避照。 他不去追随当时的新尚艺术,认为那对艺术家是一种危险。 他也抱有一一个宏观绘画方略的构想, 期冀对西方艺术有所筛选援用,从中汲取有助于更新中国艺术的要素。 徐悲湾的留法经历及其作品的创作,都严格地追随着文化传家”。这一理念所必需的条件,而中国学生留学巴黎高美的现象, 也是这一理念的重要实现都 载体。

要理解这名艺术家,上文所述中法之间的关系影响要素绝好地表达出来:从乡野世界去向一个亲崇西方的城市,对于后者,这位年轻的文人画家并没有多少好感。他的家人很早就在美术方面激发出他的兴趣,促使他能把握赴法学习的一些机会。他先后在上海和北京融入当时一些知识界精英的圈子中,对于他也是自身发展的历练提升。在学生团体及后在震旦大学学习法语则是徐悲鸿艺途选择的决定因素。亲法的改革家,包括蔡元培本人,都曾帮助他明确自己的想法,朝学院派现实主义的方向发展。即便是赴日本的旅行,也是让徐悲鸿确定将巴黎高美作为自己在西方首先需要汲取的一个艺术源泉。“他本人的性格和植根于传统的文化底蕴,使他深信要通过自身努力和对古典艺术形式的选择性研究才能获得成功。徐悲鸿灵活运用着一种古老的、受到质疑的中国艺术文化。这一在中国时己积聚起来的知性张力,将在法国转变成为个性和艺术上的解放,它们由联结了学院派素描和现实主义的艺术理论和实践体系引导。如果说徐悲鸿没有加入1919年的“勤工俭学”运动,即便他也赞同俭朴修学的提议,他却与一战爆发前赴法留学的先驱艺术家们以及未来享获奖学金的求艺学生们走得更近,后者所接受的是1921年建于里昂的中国法国学校所提供的资费。在传统和学院体制两方面的扎根立足,将徐悲鸿带往了波拿巴街。

他深感需要将视线投向西方,然后再回到中国的源泉中。现代性变革的号召实为一种综合力量,各方而受到西方典范滋养的艺术潮流都致力于对其做出回应。但是应当是怎样的具体内容呢?在中国广泛传播油画的“ 西画运动",迟早都需把中国水墨纳入考量,才能与讲究“气的"的美学准则相合拍。在这一情形中,即便是自然主义艺术,在今天也不能被看作是对先后从西方和苏联引入的绘画语式的简单模仿。如同中国的其他一些流派一 样,自然主义在当时对中西融通的需求做出了回应,而这一融通是不能 与中国绘画本身相割裂的。“应当检视徐悲鸿绘画中灵性生动的维度,它尤其表现为-种悲天悯人的情感”,这是一一种陈旧的价值,却在20世纪初期,随着中国现代人道主义的出现,而具有了新的意义。出发去法国之前,徐悲鸿加入了“华法教育会”一由蔡元培在北京建立, 而这-经历在艺术家的整个职业发展中都起到决定性的作用。

诚然,对那些相继与法式美术交锋之后而产生的新艺术形式而言,徐悲鸿不具有垄断独领的地位一林风眠就推崇过 费尔南德柯罗蒙的艺术传承,但徐悲鸿在着力参照西方的同时,也剔除了所有20世纪初的各个“主义”流派(野兽派、立体派等)。基于此,两大要素就突显出来。首先是主题方面,徐悲鸿对当时法国学院派绘画的各个理念是持认同态度的。他的一些作品里, 身体的画面呈现在一个叙述的空间中,在土地、典故等元素映衬下,它形成一一个协调、特征化的整体。°第二点则关于绘画技法:徐悲鸿- -边创作着巨幅油画,同时也在对画技做出更新,以在法学习时所掌握的现实主义素描的手法完成水墨作品。艺用解剖在这一学习历程中起到了重要作用”,对于身体的执念,也贯穿在徐悲鸿的整个创作生涯中。他很熟悉柯罗蒙的《该隐》一作”,并计划在创作中予以沿用,来定义关于中国男人的一个新颖而现代的画面形象:这种形象呈现归属在一种历史视野中,中国男人切实地与他的土地产生着联结。徐悲鸿希望这一绘画处理方式,在技术和意义指向的层面, 都能向其他文明开敞,这样它就能与蔡元培的人道主义理想相贴合。

《(愚公移山)是这方面研究探索的重要成果。1940年, 徐悲鸿在印度和大诗人泰戈尔( Rabindranath Tagore )同游小镇圣迪尼克坦,当时以水墨和油画完成了同一主题两个版本的画面。 由于画作巨大的尺幅,水墨画的版本只能以分块格和从初稿画中转写的方式完成,这在中国水墨画创作中是别出心裁的。这幅作品中,徐悲鸿同样画入一些印度本地模特儿,来与中国人的画面形成连通,并将之敞向另-个亚洲文明。以这样的方式,徐悲鸿就规避了种族区别的问题,这在当时的中国也是业界争论的一大话题。通过徐悲鸿,中国学生在巴黎高美就学经验中的三大特征及其在中国的“重新释义”就都有所集聚显现: 1. 对学院派素描以及对更高层次技术的掌握: 2在一个既具民族性又具普遍性的主题系列中对于“身体,土地和历史”主题的演绎: 3.对于外国影响的领会吸收,从素描、油画转向中国水墨。

这一规划考量无论在形成渠道还是目标设定方面都+分出色和明确。徐悲鸿意图建筑起一件典范的作品,它能有助于 在他周围聚 集起一群艺术家、-一个流派。他也必须挺身成为在中国和法国的领导者。1933年那张照片上面,徐悲鸿现身中国留法艺术学会的成员中间,如此就归结出徐悲鸿和其同胞们一起时,经由中国学生留学巴黎高美的这一成功现象 而受到景仰和上升的地位。

中国在20世纪初对于西方的兴趣,也引出一股至少是部分地在文化和艺术层面推行西方化的发展倾向,在现代化的进程中甚至还纳入了-种较为突兀的文化同化形式。在这一对中国革 命起到重要作用的历史进程中,留洋的学生们在催发新思想、新书写和新绘画模式的规划中扮演了运筹帷幄的角色。然而,相较一个简单的,对于外国接收和模仿的程式循环,中国艺术家们还是能沿用-些被精心选取并引入的技术和美学要素,来为中国自身的一些规范目标所用。这一取舍和民族化的工作,在20年代和30年代有所增多。在艺术上,比如通过“回归秩序(retoural'ordre)”这样一股潮流,似乎有必要重回中国水墨,即便这方面创作实践还是凭靠在西方所学获的知识方法(素描、色彩、现实画、解剖、人体、历史题材等)。

在这一视野中, 我们认为学院派艺术,主要为现实主义和自然主义的流派,也包括当时的各种变化风格,在中国艺术现代化的过程中, 应被视作一一个重要元素。巴黎高美定格了中国艺术家在法潮流的重要一部分。冒着打破历史围障一角的危险”,我们认为这一在波拿巴街、在1910年到1950年之间兴盛的中国留学现象,更多是滋养了一种人道主义的美学观念。


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CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Group Visit Agreement
and Statement

CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement

I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.

CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer

Article I

This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.

Article II

Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.

Article III

Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.

Article IV

Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.

Article V

During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.

Article VI

Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.

CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement

According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):

I. General Provisions

(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.

(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.

II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use

(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.

(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.

(3) Geographical Scope of Use

The applicable geographic scope is global.

The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use

Use in perpetuity.

IV. Licensing Fees

The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.

After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.

Additional Terms

(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.

(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.

(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.

Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.

I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.

Event Booking Form

Name:
Gender
Phone:
Valid Certificate: Identity Card
ID Number:
Email:

Reminder:

Hello! Thank you for participating in our public education event and we are looking forward to seeing you! If you cannot attend the event on time, please send a text message to 13261936837 (Liang) to cancel the booking. Please be aware that your eligibility for using the quick booking may be affected If you cancel the booking more than three times. Thank you for your understanding!
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