央美美术馆展览现场
2019年10月25日，安尼施·卡普尔（Anish Kapoor）的展览在央美美术馆开幕。这并非卡普尔的首次亮相，早在2007年，卡普尔就曾在北京常青画廊举办了以“升华”为主题的个人作品展。作为艺术界的知名人物之一，卡普尔出生于印度孟买，此后前往伦敦学习艺术并在此定居下来。因为这种经历，他将东方式阴阳二元、对立互补的哲思完美地融为一体，创造出独具特色的艺术语言。这种语言类似于中国古典艺术的“道境”与“禅境”，大道至简，但意蕴丰富，万物归一，却不息生生。卡普尔的作品多以凹陷、凹洞以及凸起的方式向观众呈现，鲜明颜色、极简风格与庞大体积是贯穿卡普尔作品中的三种基本要素。卡普尔以雕塑解构了传统的雕塑逻辑，境界落实到了东方化的空灵智慧上。所以，他的艺术令人震撼之处在于，满眼庞大物质实体，渐渐融于不可见的空灵。以对立的思维方式解读卡普尔的作品，使它们不再单一化，而是充满着无限可能的流动性。
《在世界的尽头》玻璃钢 色粉500 x 800 x 800 cm 1998年
如果说西方古典哲学都将理性视为至高无上的标准，那么近代哲学之主流则是对理性的质疑、解构和反叛。在近代欧洲思想史上，“虚无”与存在如影随形，最后却成为欧洲思想的命运。哲学家海德格尔曾说，我这一生写的作品都是关于“虚无”。不仅是关于虚无，哲学和艺术还必须担负起与虚无作战、克服虚无的使命。虚无分两种，一种是人类无根基的虚无；另一种是这个世界只剩虚无。前者消极，后者积极，其与佛家的“空性”思想不谋而合。什么是空性？又是如何与卡普尔的作品联系在一起的呢？海德格尔首先指出，在近代社会中存在着一片虚无的迷雾，但却没有给予人们走出迷雾的路径。幸运的是，老子与释迦摩尼已经给予了我们答案。“空性”与“道”一样，不是什么都没有，恰恰相反，是任何事物都包裹其中。《心经》的第一句是：“照见五蕴皆空，度一切苦厄。”所谓“五蕴”，是指我们的色、受、想、行、识。也就是说，虚空世界已将真实的世界遮蔽，就像人们分不清镜子与影子。而所谓“空”是有而不有，空而不空。这句话就是说，空性虽不以实体存在，但是它却是一切万物的起源。在《道德经》中，老子曾言，“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。”可见，在这个层面上，“道”与“空性”让我们不再执着于凡尘琐事、世俗往来，因为世间弥足珍贵之处并不在此。
在现代之盛期和后现代世界，“世界不复令人着迷”，“一切坚固的东西都烟消云散”。德国社会学家马克斯·韦伯用“铁笼”这个比喻来摹状现代生存处境。在这种生存处境中，人类如同被困在钢筋水泥里的怪物。卡普尔希望观众能够通过艺术的审美体验，决裂技术化的牢狱，为心灵寻求一片净土，实现过分短暂的刹那解放。以作品的庞大暗示着人类重量的轻飘，以鲜明的色泽警示着人类存在的虚无，以简洁的形式给予艺术存在之生命。与此同时，卡普尔的作品也给予我们一种能够通达“道”的可能与希望。
《远行》颜料 挖土机 2017年 央美美术馆展览现场图
初登展厅的三楼，观众得以远望《远行》。意识与感官在一百吨鲜红色的混凝土下被吞没和击碎。蓝色的挖掘机象征着广阔天空。白色的墙面象征着纯粹自然。这部作品在红白蓝三种颜色所构成的空间中绽放异彩。从不同视角观看红色的混凝土，仿佛一波波的红色浪潮向我们席卷而来。再行一层，赏《我的红色家乡》。机器带动一条金属臂沿着装有二十五吨红色软质蜡的开口容器的表面转动。金属臂在一个小时的转动中，环绕着蜡质表面缓慢运动，反复形成奇特景观。他们以鲜明的色泽表达出了当今工业社会下人类的无家可归，作品以庞大的体态和极简的形式映射了生命在自然面前的渺小与无力。通过欣赏这些作品，体验奇观及其所引起的震惊，我们观众以颠倒的方式回味着电影艺术家基耶斯洛夫斯基“红”“白”“蓝”的隐喻意味：沐浴着激情的炽热，穿越精神的虚空，寻找灵魂救赎的一瞬间灵性。
《我的红色家乡》蜡 油性颜料 液压发动机 铁质模块 2003年央美美术馆展览现场图
与此有异曲同工之妙的是在太庙艺术馆内卡普尔的“非物质系列”。非物质，也是一个隐喻表达式，意指这个系列的艺术以物质陈列开始、渐渐解构物之秩序而引领观众趋近一种空灵缥缈的非物质境界。展出的艺术品均匀分布在正殿大厅内。不锈钢的材质将我们的身影折射在其表面，我不禁思考，为什么卡普尔要选取不锈钢作为艺术作品的质料呢？抛光的不锈钢表面达成了一种镜像效果，我们站在作品前，我们亦处作品中，诉说着一种镜与像、真与假的关系。
《stave》不锈钢368x218x100cm 2013年北京太庙展览现场图
“空性”思想再度向我们敞开，那么，又何出此言呢？空性的“体”好比我们面前的不锈钢，不锈钢通过反射，显现出“相”，如水面与波浪之间的关系，也如镜子与影子的关系。镜与影实际上是不可分的，但又不是一回事，唯有真正弄清楚什么是镜，什么是影，才能了却执念、走出迷雾。之所以叫“非物质”或许是因为无论是“空性”还是“道”，他们并不是像物质一样作为实体而存在，但却是万物之根、宇宙之源。从物质形象开启的精神之旅，最后指向了“空性”与“道境”：色空不二，万物归一，上溯空性而下极万有。西方艺术家在此通达了东方智慧以及灵性盎然的思维方式。
《将成为奇特单细胞的截面体》PVC 铁 央美美术馆展览现场图
《准备成为奇特单细胞个体的截面体》首次于2015年法国凡赛尔宫个人展览中展出，以无声的语言诉说着内部与外部的关系。数米高的空心立方体里有三面有圆形开口，其中两面的开口对立存在，互相通达，不仅如此，卡普尔还邀请观众通过侧面隐蔽的门进入作品的内部--由静脉连接的亮丽孔洞组成的网。躯体的内部可以象征着个体，也可以象征着整个民族或人类，而外部象征着一种信仰，亦或是个体渴望通达“大道”的一种精神诉求。
《虚空》玻璃纤维 砂子 颜料 200x200x152.5cm 1989年 北京太庙展览现场图
对于“虚空”一词，卡普尔专有一部作品为此阐述—《为虚空而建》。立体椭圆形的平面上分布着人类的踪迹，它的中心处有一个深不可测的洞口，由此可见，看似是实体的立体椭圆，其内部却是空心的，我们不由想到，人类现在所处在的世界是真实的吗？如果现在的世界如卡普尔所演绎的空心，那么真实的世界何处寻觅？卡普尔曾说：“作为艺术家，我要使我的每一件作品不止是物体，而是哲学的承载，很多作品都是我东方思想的呈现。”
《天空花园》央美美术馆展览现场图
或许卡普尔相信在人类之外，还存在着一种“道”的世界，老子《道德经》上第十四章里说：“视之不见名曰夷，听之不闻名曰希，搏之不得名曰微。此三者不可致诘，故混而为一。一者，其上不皦，其下不昧。绳绳不可名，复归于无物，是谓无状之状、无物之象，是谓惚恍。迎之不见其首，随之不见其后。”这句话就是说所谓的“道”，亦或是开篇所讲那种积极虚无的世界有一个浑然一体的东西，但是我们却不知道它的名字，勉强叫它为“道”。从印度哲学或是宗教的角度上来理解，正是佛家的“空性”，只不过老子与释迦摩尼对同样的一种世界的叫法不同，但通达后的体验却是相同的。这种思想在《天空花园》中变得更加清晰。卡普尔运用不锈钢材质塑造的镜面效果，让《天空花园》成为一个我们虽可以感知可以想象却永远体验不到的遗憾。
《致心爱太阳的交响曲》不锈钢 蜡 传送带 2013年 央美美术馆展览现场图
在央美美术馆的一层楼内，卡普尔的《致心爱太阳的交响乐》却占据了三层楼的高度，血红的砖块不断的被运送到“太阳”中心，然后随之重力自由下落。红色意味着醒目与力量。“心爱的太阳”象征着“道”与“空性”。也就是说，这位“心爱的太阳”以世界根基与宇宙起源的姿态立在那里，但是它不是任何人都可以轻易的通达。因为即使是传送带的最高点，也与“太阳”隔着些距离，但是至少卡普尔为我们言说了这样一种存在的“可能性”。同时，也向我们说明，所谓至善至简的生活既是灵魂的不断净化，也是精神的不断修行。
《尾亭》
央美美术馆展览现场图
更为体现这一特征的作品是在三楼展厅的《尾亭》里，耀眼的红色不锈钢材质的椭圆形，卡普尔依然在尾亭中塑造了一个凹陷的缺口，从正面看似乎密不透风的实体，实际上在它的侧部留有出口，并且在出口处站立着一个人。为什么是一个人而不是两个人呢？我们从正面的角度去观赏作品时，像男女身体意义上的一种融合。从“一”过渡到“二”，表现了在现实世界与“大道”世界之间，存在着一种可以互相通达的可能。卡普尔以可见之物为楔子，呈现不可见的空灵道境，以东方无形智慧解构西方抽象思维；可见之物是象征，其深处、高处乃是不可见非物质的空灵；于是，卡普尔也就以雕塑语言解构了雕塑艺术，活化了不可见的逻辑。
卡普尔借艺术的媒介建构象征系统，隐喻地呈现可见或不可见的生命体验，追溯人生踪迹。他以对比的手法简洁地展现生命的卑微与宇宙的浩渺之间的张力，升华生命的悲剧意味。在物质界与非物质界、形式与观念、存在与流逝、缘起与缘灭之间开展对灵魂的叩问—虚无降临，何处是家乡？与此同时，又以“出口”、“不锈钢表面的反射”、“凹陷”的样态诉说着一种灵魂挣脱的可能。卡普尔的艺术不为局限所困、不被时空所限，而是凭借想象力的飞扬，对人类的困境予以描述与反思，不仅如此，他还试图为那些散落的灵魂指引出路---出路即归途。这些灵魂，曾经神圣而后来像溅落黑暗世界的火花，终究都会归向故园，在那里重新与神圣合一。
艺术家工作室
从思想史角度看，卡普尔的艺术凸显了精神维度，还奇特地染色存在主义和灵知主义的色彩。因为，他调用色彩、形体、物性和质感，制造出视觉的迷幻境界，诱惑人不知不觉地经过艺术的洗礼，而达至一种虚灵而真实的境界。卡普尔中国艺术秀的意义在于：第一，他的存在主义意识源自他出离故乡印度而漂泊异乡的疏远感，他用艺术的方式启示公众思考东西方文化融汇而创构新型生存方式的问题。第二，他的灵知主义境界源自他对东方智慧的彻悟，他用非物质为隐喻，引领公众思考如何将深厚而明晰、朴素蕴神奇的古典传统转化为现代艺术形式。
新视觉杂志/文
图/中央美院美术馆
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
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CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
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(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
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The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
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Use in perpetuity.
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
