诗意盎然的青春气息——韦启美的创作转型

在我看,韦启美先生不仅是一位杰出的油画家,更难得的是他的诗人情怀——它的内核,或说在那凝缩了的视觉符指背后,是一颗永远跃动着青春节律的诗心。


心灵与眼睛

当今的画家没有不知道“绘画是视觉艺术”的,因而特别看重"视觉的张力”,而哲学家梅劳·庞蒂却早就在告诫画家:“必须把眼睛理解为‘心灵之窗’。”就在前不久韦先生还曾和我说:“现在的摄影技术,的确能在很多情况下代替绘画。”他显然在思考“视觉文化”这个新课题。“新的视觉文化的最显著特点之一,是把本身非视觉性的东西视像化。正如通常所说,视觉文化研究的是现代文化和后现代文化为何如此强调视觉形式表现经验,而并非短视地只强调视觉而排除其他一切感觉。”(尼古拉·尼尔佐夫)从上世纪90年代开始,“视觉文化"不仅成为美术、摄影界和各种媒体的前沿话题,径直已至大众生活氛围。

1990年他创作了一幅轻松而别致的《佘山天文台印象》,画的是在遥对天宇的巨大天文望远镜下科学工作者和一位老神甫的对话,笔墨洗练,色调轻快,特别有趣的是长发银须的神职人员竟成为画家心目中头悬光环、肩生羽翅的天使。须知这一佳构并非凭空杜撰,而是真正参观建在这座古老教堂附近的上海天文台的“印象”。这种真实与想象、科学与神话的交织,是如此自然贴切地以充满诗意的手法表现出来了。

2007年,年过八旬的老画家又奇迹般地刚刚完成一幅充满青春浪漫气息的新作——《提琴的故事》。他爱“讲故事”,喜欢“叙事”体,但这可不是文学叙事,而是调动视觉联想的一个契机:提着小提琴、背着大提琴的音乐家一行正走上舷梯——他们去哪里演出呢?奇妙的是,恍惚他们却走入朦胧中的蓝天白云,而飞机分明停在下面。演艺家的背影,上行和仰望的视角,直把我们带向一个崇高、自由的境界。这里摒除了嘈杂旅客的真实场面,而留下一片清空和美丽的故事。心理与物理的交错、艺术与生活的疏离,这一切都是通过视觉手段实现的,而我却想说,这位画家不更是一位诗人吗?他真的画出了“本身非视觉性的东西”。

艺术在时代与艺术家中互动,先生很看重一些有天分的年轻画家在视觉语言上的功力,但他不只关心视觉,同时更关心视觉背后丰富的心灵意蕴;即是说,这里不仅涉及“语言”,更涉及“语言哲学”。他说:“我观察和感受生活有两点心得:一是,单纯从造型来讲,当事物去掉其现实生活中的本体功能和意义时,从任何地方都会发现好的结构;二是,我经常提醒自己,要艺术地感受生活,不要’关机’。一个画家重要的是发现可以入画的东西,至于它们是否能变成审美对象,那是艺术创造的事情。”可见,对于“可以入画的东西”的视觉敏感和专业技能虽然重要,却与“审美”和“艺术创造"还不完全是一回事。令我敬佩的是,先生不仅以他充满诗意的艺术创造开启着人们的“心灵之窗”,同时也是以自己的艺术实践勾画出一种强调视觉却又超越视觉的深刻的艺术本体意识。


读书与变法

“在雷雨中迅速抓住一个闪电”,先生这句谈漫画构思的比喻可说是生动地表现了艺术家极敏锐的感性能力,然而我们却可能忽略了他自己所说的“我是个理性倾向的人”。

他的油画创作从上世纪80年代出现了明显的变化,即从“五六十年代的创作模式”转向了“简约、诗意"的追求。而在这具有决定意义的转变中,读书和理性思考无疑起到至关重要的作用。这一点在他的文章中曾有清楚的表述:“80年代初,有整整一年我只看翻译的书,为什么呢?我是为了改变思考问题的话语体系。我的知识结构主要是50年代灌输进去的,几乎成了条件反射,甚至成为一个本能了,形成思维定势。艺术观念是这样,画画也是这样,拿起笔来都是50年代这一套,自己感到一种危机……只看翻译的书,觉得这一年对转化我的话语体系和改变思考问题的方式还是有收获的,绘画上也接受外国的一些影响……‘我爱读读不懂的书’,现在,一些外国哲学家的书我还是读。”

这里记载了一位艺术家在20世纪80年代又一次普遍的民族觉醒中思想和艺术转变的历程。这是跳出积习已久的封闭的思维定势,而从一个新的远为开阔的当今世界的视角重新审视过去的整体性反思。如果我们意识到从上世纪70年代末中国社会就发生着虽然平缓却是极为深刻的重大变革,那么发生在文化艺术领域的时代性变化就会是必然的了,只不过这位老艺术家却是以主动的理性精神如此清醒地驾驭着自己的航向。

其实对他所说的“只看翻译的书”,只宜作理性思考和读书活动的象征来看,确切地说,除了哲学,他更以如同“用猎枪射击月亮上的狡兔”或“从飞奔的火车窗口辩认要找的人”那样的心情,怀着对新知的渴望和对美好事物的期待在读一本剧烈变动中的社会生活的大书。“新时期对艺术创作发出新的召唤”,“我从奔跑前行的青年画家身上吸取参与艺术马拉松的勇气。80年代初画了《立交桥》和《班机上》后,感到像迷失在溶洞摸索探路时看到了亮光的喜悦”。是的,他正是这样想,并像青年人那样勤奋地践行着。你简直难以想象,平时在楼道或电梯口经常遇到的这位身体赢弱的老人,竟然是在“北京建第一座立交桥时我就去了”,《电话亭》画的也是北京建起的第一个电话亭,“我还去过高能研究所、气象台、天文台”……再说读书,据我所知,从哲学到自然科学、科技常识和姊妹艺术——例如从20世纪80年代以来每年获诺贝尔文学奖的作品集,以及历年的短篇小说或诗歌选……其读书的热情和兴趣的广博,实令我辈汗颜。

记得严羽曾说:“夫诗有别材,非关书也;诗有别解,非关理也。然非多读书,多穷理,则不能极其至。”难道这“理”与“情”的转化与渗透真是无迹可寻吗?


解构与创新

先生将自己新的创作追求概括为“简约、诗意",这既是对“五六十年代创作模式”的解构,也是在苦苦探索中对自己所向往的新的艺术方式或风格之创造性的充分肯定。“简约意味着在形象塑造中进行减法的重建,诗意意味着表达对生活和自然的感情体验”。这是从形式与意蕴两个方面对新艺术风格极简赅的界定,接下去还有对这新风格的形态描述:“我在油画创作中往往构建一个与生活和自然在感情上对应的有虚幻意味的世界,正如我在漫画创作中构建一个与生活内在真实对应的荒诞的另一个世界一样。我希望做到:荒诞有现实基础,想象不陷入玄虚,虚构如同真实,不尽之意在一目了然之中。”这“不尽之意”而能在“一日了然之中”,不正是“简约、诗意”的视觉传达的绝妙表述么!如果说从作者这番表述中一点也不难看出他一贯坚持的现实主义精神,那么,从他对“简约、诗意”的思考中,则是可以更充分地看出他在综合前人艺术经验——包括丰富的民族文学艺术传统和借鉴西方现代艺术的基础上对艺术创造的新的体味和认识。这是十分宝贵的新创造。

他的“解构”是扬弃,而不是全盘否定。其艺术转向包含着深刻的对艺术与生活、意识形态与艺术自律之间关系的新认识。他的20世纪五六十年代的代表作《模范饲养员》(1956)和《初春》(1963),无论从主题性、情节性或油画技巧,都至今不失其光辉,其精神内核是取自现实生活的朝气蓬勃的生动形象和作者情感的真挚。尽管如此,其创作理念——从“画什么”到“怎样画”,都发生了重要变化。

“我那两张风俗画.……还是有意识要表现’新',虽然没有直接宣传什么政治主题,却还是带有那个时代文艺思想的烙印”,“诗意"的提出,就是“为了摆脱五六十年代的创作模式——画面像是一个舞台,人物注重写实,技法是苏联油画的’二传手'”。他对艺术与政治(意识形态)的关系,则是突出地指出了,那个时代普遍地是“要到生活中去找你所需要的人,像巡回展览画派一样。要按照主题思想和某种政治概念对人物进行加工”。那么,应当如何对待这曾经是相当普遍的历史局限呢?——“我不相信艺术创造有绝对的自由,自由创造只是相对于艺术家所要超越、突破和消解已成为某种霸权的或已濒临僵化的规范"。试想,如果没有这种历史的自觉,如果没有对自己所经历的艺术道路这样冷静、实事求是的分析,就很难从这巨大的路障实现历史性的突破。


“隔”与“不隔”之间一一我对“简约、诗意”的解读

要能欣赏和理解他新的艺术追求的独特价值,还需从他艺术语言创造、即其“油画符号”的独特性去认识。他的油画符号的第一个特色是坚持采用能够生动再现现实生活的写实手法。这不但意味着他对捕捉生活形象的直观生动性的高度重视,同时也意味着他从不割裂生活、而是十分珍视生活自身的逻辑。相类的思考,我们可以借用王国维《人间词话》里“不隔”的概念,如他评欧阳修《少年游》句“阑干十二独凭春,晴碧远连云。千里万里,二月三月,行色苦愁人。”便说:“语语都在目前,便是不隔”,而且他还强调地说“妙处唯在不隔”。文学艺术都离不开形象思维,所以王国维特别肯定“语语都在目前"的形象性。然而,若将文学语言和绘画语言再作比较,那么,显然绘画语言的形象直观性,便更具有文学语言所不能替代的优越性。而绘画语言的这个独到的优越性却不是每个画家都能意识到,更不是随便一个画者都能做得到的。从他的素描或油画习作中(如《女人像》)看看那种极精炼的笔法和特重意趣神韵所达到的惟妙惟肖的水准,再参照他所讲的“自觉的、严格的素描磨练,使我看到了超越日常知觉的另一个世界,看到了光、形、体、色调和它们构成的奇异的空间,看到了认识知觉永远不会辨析的丰富微妙的人和物的细节。依仗素描的观察和表现能力,才在艺术创造时架起与自然交流的通道,才能在用画笔与生活晤谈时,不至于嗫嚅和结巴。”我们或能较深理解他何以唯独对写实性绘画这种“表象符号”情有独钟。然而如果你没有注意到他对上世纪五六十年代的“写实”的重新思考和再认识,那却是一个绝大的疏忽。须知“诗意”的追求却不就是客观世界的“实写",而是如其所强调乃是要表达“一种生命体验”的“感情抒发",因而它倒往往是“一个与生活和自然在感情上对应的有虚幻意味的世界”,由此可知他对“写实”的认识是真正经历了一个批判性的扬弃、超越和突破过程。

他对自己新的写实手段的思考,我想还可用“隔"来说明。

在我前面所引王国维对欧阳修词的评点中除了对“不隔”的称赞,还触及对“隔”的思考,下面的评点是接着欧词“行色苦愁人”一句讲的:“至换头云:‘谢家池上,江淹浦畔,吟魂与离魂',使用故事便不如前半精彩。然欧词前半实写,故至此不能不拓开。"可知静安先生只是有条件地肯定了“隔”与“不隔”的恰当结合,对两者的关系并未深究。而我以为韦启美油画创作的妙处却正在这“不隔"与“隔”的恰当结合上。这样的手法,前面讲到《佘山天文台的印象》和《提琴的故事》,这里再举《附中的走廊》来看。

这幅油画所给予观众的感受也可以分作“不隔”与“隔”的两个层次:“不隔"的是奔跑在美院附中走廊中的女孩的直观形象“一目了然";“隔”的则是形象背后要“拓开”的隐喻层面:那是穿过时空隧道显示出来的蓬蓬勃勃如旭日在大海上初升的青春活力。这里的“不隔”使我们看到绘画直观较之文字“描绘"的更为优越,而“不隔”与“隔”的紧密连接和恰当结合则令我们体验到这“拓开”或“感发"所揭示的精神空间的含蓄与浩瀚,极大地提升和强化了情感体验的力度和深度,这绘画语言的“能指”与“所指”天衣无縫的契合真是做到了“不尽之意在一目了然之中”。

这里所说的“隔”,其实并不是真的隔离起来,而不过是要充分调动人的心理功能,利用“联觉"或“通感”,将观者从视觉直观形式引向多种感觉和思想的参与而已,这是感觉的转化和体验的升华,而不应是王国维一再要人警惕的尽用典故、“通体皆是‘谢家池上’”。“隔”的成功经验突出地表现在布莱希特创造的史诗剧理论所谓的“间离化”效果中。间离化或陌生化“首先意味着简单地剥去这一事件或人物性格中的理所当然的、众所周知的和显而易见的东西,从而制造出对它的惊愕和新奇感”,它“使所要表现的人与人之间的事物带有令人触目惊心的、引人寻求解释的,不是想当然的和不简单自然的特点"。这种“隔”,正意味着阻断那种简单的视觉真实和惯性思维而令观者转向联想的,幻觉的真实,从而求诸理性和思想的介入。而获得鉴赏的超越。

对于这幅画的创作,作者曾有如下简述:“《附中的走廊》是我偏爱的一幅,只因曾为画面构成倾注了不少心力”,“当中央美院附中还在老校舍时,我常去看学生作品展览。附中同学的作品总是显示年轻人对生活的新鲜……看年轻人的画会得到别一番惊喜”,“一次有事去附中,适逢假日,走廊寂无一人,面对空荡荡的有一道一道拱门的走廊产生一种异样的感受,这印象成为《附中的走廊》构思的种子”。从这简洁的介绍我们可以清楚知道,原来使作者深为感动的并不仅是这熟悉的走廊,而是这些附中同学所显示出的年轻人的朝气蓬勃给人的“别一番惊喜”,这种看不见的“异样的感受”才是作者要倾注心力苦苦寻觅的画面构成形式。我们再联系作者所说“‘诗意’更多的是指形象的含蓄,意义的多样性,以及观众的参与,是三者共同的作用力”,相信就不只会对先生在创作过程中“不隔”与“隔”承接与转换关系的巧妙把握,而且对其崭新的创作思维会有所感悟。

“我在创作中建构简约的形式时,一直倾听和应答表现对象潜在的诗意渴求显现的申唤。

追求简约为的是赋予画面以鲜明的形式感,为的是用线条和色块构建一座情感栖居的殿堂,用油画符号谱写出表现题意的主题旋律。

简约有助于还原架上绘画的平面本性。

意味含蓄乃至有隐喻象征的简约为观众参与创作提供了广阔的空间。

油画的删繁就简有利于表现诗意。”

这是我看到的先生论简约形式的一段极富理论色彩的精彩文字。简约的形式是其题意表达和风格显现的落脚点和最终归宿,也是与观众赖以沟通的中介和唯一凭借。这是他在谈“简约、诗意”时总是把“简约"放在前面的重要原因。就像后期海德格尔讲“语言是存在之家,人栖住于语言之家”,而以语言神思“存在”一样,他把自己所心仪的简约油画语言郑重称之为“情感栖居的殿堂”,可以知道他是何等珍视独特的艺术形式和语言风格,然而与仅以形式为“本体”的论者大相径庭的是,这简约形式的赋形却无论在其前其后都是与来自生活的表现对象和观众参与连接在一起的,而其独特的符号形式毋宁说就是在这种制约中作者所要追寻的理想的油画语言。“众里寻他千百度,蓦然回首,那人却在灯火阑珊处”,果然如此,这“灯火阑珊”也恰似在具象抽象的“不隔”与“隔”之间了。据我看,先生对“简约、诗意”的表述及其创作实践即便作为符号学美学或广义语言学的课题做进一步寻究,都不失为赋有新意的范例。


中国的当代艺术

忽然想起那天韦先生和我说:“你说孔子平时会说多少话,可他的弟子们为什么唯独记住和写下了'子在川上日:逝者如斯夫’呢?”联系他在文章中对《论语》中这个警句的分析,便可知先生经常是执着地沉浸在诗意的甚至是诗的语言的追寻中。试想这样的一些画题——如《早,小蜜蜂》《大坝的构思》《新线》《电话亭》《独奏》《散场》《明天的风云》《父亲和母亲》《在108路电车起点站》……哪一幅不是一首视觉的诗?当《新线》在他心中萌动时,司母戊大鼎的庄严形象也同时在胸中涌起。《电话亭》中多么醒目的符号般的时尚女孩形象和构图意识营造的开阔空间,由电线、脚踏车的延展暗示的时间,对于刚刚步入改革开放时代的受众,真给人最具现代感的"视通万里、思接千载”的意象。《敢场》中那一片肃穆所传达的观众无声的沉思与回味,可以使我们联想起山田洋次对《罗马假日》结尾的评析……所有这些使我相信,韦启美的创作与其说开始于视觉的触击,不如说开始于诗的意境的形成,开始于深刻的诗思和诗语的推敲。

阿瑟·C·丹托说:“我们可以想象一个像海伦一样美的人,但我们无法想象海伦的美貌。那是语言和图画的重大差异之一。与此相联系,这位当代美国艺术批评家还反复引用了康德的一句话:“崇高是,仅仅由于能够思维它,证实了一个超越任何感官尺度的心意能力。”韦启美的创作不仅在他对视觉形象自身特点的高度重视,他同时更加重视由视觉形象联想所造成的诗一般的语言效果,这种形而上的“仅仅由于能够思维它”才能通达人的精神感悟的“超越任何感官的心意能力”。

丹托是有强烈而鲜明的当代意识的艺术哲学家,他是在研究并综合关于西方艺术发展的思想成果后提出了自己对艺术当代性的看法。对于他的“艺术的终结”的理论,我们自然可以作出自己的分析,而对他针对西方思想文化危机和后现代文化状况对扩大了的艺术功能和艺术当代性的认识,以及他对“崇高”、对“强烈的情感,像惊讶和敬畏”的提倡,我以为都对我们很有借鉴意义。丹托先是援引德国艺术史家汉斯·贝尔廷的话说:“近来对宏大的、强制性的叙事的信心丧失,是以一种事物必须被看的方式发生的”(贝尔廷:《艺术史终结了吗?》),他显然并非忽视后现代艺术所表现出的对视觉特征的“历史敏感性”。而对“当代艺术”,丹托则是作了这样的界定:“毕竟,现代包含了现在与‘那时’之间的差异:如果事情保持稳步并基本上保持一样,这个说法就没什么用。它包含着一种历史结构,比‘最近'一词含有强烈的历史意义。‘当代'最明显的意义仅仅是现在正发生的事:当代艺术应该是我们同时代的人所创作的艺术……它是用某种特别亲密的方式向我们呈现的‘我们的艺术’。”他就是这样在与“现代”的比较中突出地肯定了“当代艺术”的特殊历史结构及其“此在"性。

就在不久前,一直密切关注中国当代艺术进程的《美术观察》杂志主持人还在向我约稿,那一期的主题便是“何谓当代艺术”,我一时无以应答,因为我对现状没有透彻的了解,但我现在却想说,韦启美的创作是在伴随商品经济大潮和视觉文化泛滥的特有景观中值得特别关注的中国当代艺术表现。正如《美术观察》的报道所反映出的,提起中国的当代艺术,许多人,特别是年轻的艺术爱好者,都会想到798厂——如今这里已经成为北京,也是中国的一道景观,那里画廊林立,而且在今日的“艺术地图”上并不再以“前卫”、“古典”或“传统”划界,而只以“艺术产业”的成交价吸引人的眼球。韦先生说“这是一个窗口”,一个密切联系着世界的窗口。听说中国艺术市场的繁荣已令海外人士啧啧称羡。这个窗口像一只无形的手,牵动着中国艺术进一步国际化,这是非常值得玩味的现象。如果说艺术是时代的象征,那么,从某种意义上说,也正像2008的北京奧运会吸引着世界的注意一样,从经济到艺术,中国——北京,都在成为一个聚焦点。不消说这只无形的手少不了金融资本和意识形态的后盾。中国当代艺术的一个悖论则正在跨文化的参照和寻求超越之中,正面价值借鉴与后殖民谄媚双重效应并存。

像关心世界一样,韦启美也关注着这个窗口,但他却不为市场所动,唯其如此,他更有一份难能可贵的从容和素朴平易的深刻。用他自己的话说——他是“走在前进的潮流中而甘于处在边缘”并不惮于自己的“草根味”的艺术家。


作者 | 袁宝林(中央美术学院教授)

原文发表于《美术》2009年07期

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(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.

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The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).

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