英国印度裔艺术家安尼施·卡普尔以谜一样、从物理空间渗透到的心理空间的雕塑著称。他擅长与观众沟通，在简约、理性、抽象、冷酷的极少主义模式中，加上了印度的味道和世俗的温情。
带咖喱味道的几何形体
卡普尔最初引入瞩目是因为雕塑《1000个名字》（1979-1980）系列。这是一组由简单的、单色几何形体组成的雕塑集合，类似于极少主义经典的白色立方体。与之不同的是，卡普尔在这些单纯的形式上撒上了红、黄、白色的颜料，如同一个宗教仪式，一扫极少艺术的洁癖、打破了现代主义的硬边规则。在色彩和形态上，它们还令人想起印度传统的宗教仪式、建筑结构、服饰搭配、 甚至咖喱的味道。《1000个名字》系列有的挂在墙上，有的仿佛从地上钻出来，好像原本就有生命。
从墙里伸出的的肚子
《当我怀孕的时候》（When I am Pregnant，1992） 是一件更为单纯的极少主义雕塑。它只有一个轮廓， 从画廊白色的墙壁上凸显出来，看似女性的乳房、怀孕的肚子或是子宫。它既象身体的一部分，也是墙的一部分；既是独立的存在，也附属于建筑结构。从正面观看：它只是一个若隐若现的凸起；从侧面看，它又变成了一个令人浮想联翩的具体形象。卡普尔利用光线突出了形式的纯粹，模糊了物质的显现和消失、现实和虚幻、有形与无形的界线，呈现了一个生命即将破壁而出的状态。它既平静如水，又荡漾着的浪漫激情，令人沉浸于宗教的冥想与世俗的期盼之间。
跨越时空的魔镜
2001年，卡普尔创造了第一件公共雕塑《天镜》（Sky Mirror）。这是一个面向天空的巨大凹凸镜。它有着抛光的不锈钢表面 ，一面照向天空和云朵，一面反射周围的环境。它把世界反转过来，使观众从不同角度去看，反省周围的环境和自身。
在自然环境中，《天镜》最有代表性的一次展现是2010年在伦敦的肯辛顿花园。它与周围田园景色全然融为一体，仿佛消失在自然界中，变成了一幅幅动态的画面，就象英国浪漫主义画家康斯太勃尔的风景画，忠实地记录着不同时间、季节景物的变化。
在城市环境中，《天镜》最吸引人的一次展示是在2006年在纽约洛克菲勒中心。这面直径10.6米， 约3层楼高，23 顿重的巨型镜子，凸面一端对着第五大道， 凹面一端指向洛克菲勒中心广场。在世界最重要的商业中心，《天镜》把蓝天白云带入钢筋水泥森林中，如同一幅幅不断变幻的现代抽象画，又象是一个全球化企业的商标，反映出自然环境、社会生活与全球化商业运作模式之间的关系。它仿佛一面跨越时空、穿越地心的魔镜，令人觉得也许可以从北半球纽约的镜子里钻进去，从南半球的悉尼冒出来呢。
卡普尔的大型公共雕塑 《云门》（Cloud Gate，2004）坐落在芝加哥千禧年公园的广场上，因为可爱的形状被称为 “大豆”。它抛光的不锈钢材质像镜子一样透明，映照出周围的高楼、云朵、草地、树木，还有兴致勃勃的观众们。“大豆”身上映出的景物被拉长变形，成为雕塑延伸的部分。无论大人小孩都喜欢围绕着它的各个弧面，或者爬到肚子下面，看自己在这个哈哈镜中的模样。
这颗“大豆”仿佛来自于“杰克和魔豆”的童话，给普通人以战胜巨大恶魔的梦想。“大豆”在形式上空洞和凸起又隐喻了现实与梦想、存在与缺席、隐藏与揭示的反差。它既壮观又优美、既神圣又世俗，酷炫得象遥不可及的星辰，又亲近得象孕妇的肚皮。艺术家把童话、宗教、哲学与日常的感性经验结合起来，并不把观念性强加于人，而是创造了一个让观众观看、浸入和反省的环境，这件雕塑成了现代都市芝加哥的一个城市象征物。它与周围环境融为一体，化解了的现代化都市坚硬的外壳，折射出这个全球化世界的奇观。
妄自尊大的马西亚斯
2003年，卡普尔在伦敦泰特现代艺术博物馆展出了大型雕塑《马西亚斯》（Marsyas）。它的主题来源于古希腊神话：一个名叫马西亚斯的萨提尔（山林水泽间的小神）由于擅长吹笛，竟然公开挑战艺术之神阿波罗，受到残酷的剥皮惩罚。
卡普尔的《马西亚斯》 铺满了整个涡旋厅，具有巨大的体量感。它象一个扩音器，召唤所有人的注意；它又象是一个漏斗，既有实验性又有视觉的美感；它还象是某种生殖器官，介于男性女性之间，如同雌雄同体。由于它在空间中的延伸， 观众无法从任何一个位置看到作品全貌，只有通过多角度的观看和体验，才能探测出整体。与他同代的艺术家塞拉（Richard Serra）一样，卡普尔让观众在动态的空间中去探索作品的意义，体验人类创造力伟大和自己肉身的脆弱。
尽管象一件大型的极少主义雕塑，《马西亚斯》无论从视觉还是听觉上都具有很强的感官刺激性。PVC的材料有一种肉体的质感，仿佛是神话传说中马西亚斯被剥下的皮。雕塑外观鲜红的色彩暗示着尘世的、身体和血液的颜色， 既暴力又诗意，令人联想到浪漫主义的激情和人类永远无法放弃的挑战性。
皇后的阴道
卡普尔在创作中经常向原初这个概念回归，不断参照生命的本源问题。他经常制造孔洞、凸起和曲线来表现母体、子宫和孕育的过程、 用红色来表现血液、身体和生命的经历。2015年，卡普尔的 《肮脏的角落》（Dirty Corner）在巴黎郊外的凡尔赛宫展出。这件作品由里及外的、弯曲的造型邀请观众进入想象的空间，回到原初的、生命之旅的起点，令人想起象征生育力的印度女神，和法国现实主义艺术家库尔贝的《生命之源》。它被称为“皇后的阴道”，因为“露骨的性”而受到很大争议，甚至有人向它泼洒象征精液的白漆，在上面涂写侮辱性的语言。
凡尔赛宫是法国“太阳王”——路易14留下的最重要的文化遗迹，也是建筑与园林设计上的辉煌成就，以整洁、规矩、具有阳刚之气而著称， 象征欧洲理性主义文明的开端。300年之后，卡普尔把《肮脏的角落》放到了凡尔赛宫的中心位置。在形式上，它古怪 、呈涡旋型、有戏剧性效果，仿照了路易14时期主导欧洲的巴洛克艺术风格。不过，这个喇叭形的、宽大的、暗红色钢管架在破碎、粗粝的岩石之上，更像一个原始的洞窟、或一个生殖图腾，与周围环境形成了一种巴洛克式的鲜明反差，象征着文化间的冲突，显示出被压抑的欲望。它仿佛是对源于欧洲文明的全球主义一个挑战：到底是谁的现代性？谁的乌托邦？
欲望黑洞
卡普尔的《漩涡》（descension）是一个不停旋转的黑洞，水漩涡状涌动水流在中心坠落，仿佛被吸入一个不可知的无底深渊。这件作品于2017年5月设置在纽约布鲁克林大桥边公园中，与旁边的东河相连，再次激发起观众强烈的兴趣。它延续了卡普尔解构物质对象的兴趣，以单纯的生态形式激发了人们对于自然的纯粹感知。《漩涡》呈现了满与空、欲望与神性的印度教思想，同时也影射了以美国为中心的全球化物质主义陷阱。它令人想起911纪念馆中，那两个替代了双子塔的、向下凹陷的瀑布，具有强烈的反省意义。
现象和精神之间的对话
卡普尔的当代意义在于不拘泥于某一种形式和观念。他的作品 有极少主义的外表，又有观念艺术的内涵；有吸引人的形式，又有社会意义的挑战。艺术家用超现实的想象调动观众的潜意识，深入于在场与缺失、存在与消逝、有形与无形的哲学思辨之中，展开了现象与精神之间的对话，为冰冷的极少主义艺术增添了诗意、隐喻和生命的温度。
在全球化时代，卡普尔从具有普遍意义的现代主义出发，结合了印度本土文化传统和现代艺术资源，创造了一种简约、亲和、质朴的视觉语言，如同古代洞窟壁画、马列维奇、保罗克利的抽象画，跨越了时间、空间，文化、政治的隔阂，和所有人对话，无论是谁，无论在哪儿。
原文发表于“观念之道：2018国际雕塑研讨会”
部分节选自：邵亦杨著《全球视野下的当代艺术》，2019，北京大学出版社
作者 | 邵亦杨（中央美术学院教授、人文学院副院长）
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
