明清之际，西洋画传入中国，影响于中国的人物肖像画最多。20世纪以来，更有大批中国学子直接到西方学习西画的造型法则，又转而做改革中国画的尝试，把融合中西画学的途径推向一个新的阶段。尤其是徐悲鸿作为融合中西的一位旗手，极大地影响了蒋兆和的艺术道路，并亲自培养了李斛、宗其香等一批高足，结成了一个比较强大的现实主义流派，使中国画尤其人物画实现了由古典形态向现代写实形态的转换，给予中国现代画史以特殊的贡献。李斛便是这一流派中朝气蓬勃的一员骁将，被时人誉为“创新格的尖兵”。
李斛，号柏风，1919年生于四川大竹。1942年考入由南京迁往重庆的中央大学艺术系，并和宗其香一起被徐悲鸿选为进行中西融合试验的重点培养对象。在徐悲鸿画派受到非议的情况下，李斛决心最大，也最忠实于徐悲鸿的教学体系，他以极坚实的素描基础和对笔墨技法的悟性，很快地创造了自己融合中西画法的样式。1946年，他在重庆举办个人画展，徐悲鸿为之惊喜，题词赞叹：“以中国纸墨、用西洋画法写生，自中大艺术系迁蜀后始创之，李斛仁弟为其最成功者。”同年，徐悲鸿又为其题词：“中国画向守抽象形式，虽亦作具体描写，究亦不脱图案意味。李斛弟独以水彩画情调写之，为新中国画别开生面。”1948年起，李斛定居北京，先后于清华大学营建系，中央美术学院绘画系、彩墨画系（后改为中国画系）任教，继续拓展徐悲鸿的教学体系，并把自己的艺术样式不断升华，成为现代画史上独具一格的人物画家。惜在“文革”中遭摧残，不幸于1975年病逝，享年仅56岁。但是人们不会忘记他在人类20世纪的艺术史上，在中西融汇的艺术长河里，是一颗永不殒落的星。
李斛作为徐悲鸿的学生，继承了徐悲鸿的基本思想，一是以素描作为造型基础；二是重视师法造化，以创立中国现代的人物画样式。李斛的新贡献在于他不仅主张吸收素描之长，还主张吸收油画的丰富色彩和水彩画的表现技法拓展人物画的技巧；他不仅在40年代像蒋兆和那样地直面人生，以批判现实主义的精神揭示了人间的悲剧，而且在五六十年代真正地深入到新的生活之中，关怀民众之生活与情感的新变，创作了一大批富有新时代精神的作品。如果说在融合西画的现实主义人物画这条道路上，徐悲鸿和蒋兆和在三四十年代创造了第一个高峰，那么李斛主要在五六十年代和其他一批人物画家共同创造了第二个高峰，并且是第二个高峰中的代表画家之一。
李斛与前辈画家徐悲鸿、蒋兆和等同在一个艺术流派之中，但在艺术风格上却有很强的独立意识。从总体上来讲，在写实的一路中，他的画风较为清雅；在水墨画家中，他更注重用色彩来塑形。其40年代的作品和50年代的部分作品如《嘉陵江纤夫》（1946年）、《工地探望》（1954年）、《广州起义》（1957年）等比较注重水墨的皴擦和渲染，笔法也比较粗放，墨与彩分别有较大的独立性。但是他在50年代创作的《毛主席您是我们幸福的保证》（1954年）、《披红斗篷的老人》（1956年）、《印度妇女》（1956年）等作品，却把相对独立的皴擦几无痕迹地融化到色彩的塑形手段之中了，这种是否可以称之为真正“彩墨画”的作品，在墨与彩的交融中实现了整体的统一。《女民警》等作品的面部则基本类如水彩画的塑形语言，并且与雅洁的衣纹线条在相互对照中取得一种新的统一。我认为正是50年代以来的后两类作品使之区别于蒋兆和以力线和皴擦见长的水墨人物画风，也区别于徐悲鸿以粗浑的线条和几乎平涂的色彩所形成的格调，是李斛之所以是李斛的以墨与色大幅度交浑充溶的代表性画风，也是中西画法融合的个性化的典型表现。虽然在50年代末期素描教学大辩论之后，他同时意识到了民族艺术独特的魅力，曾经有意识地补修传统绘画，且成功地创造了以线造型的《关汉卿》、《母亲》等作品，但这并未构成李斛的主体风格。他的主体风格就是中西融合，并主要是西画写实的色彩语汇包容的素描原则与中国水墨画的融合。这是一条中西合璧的艺术思路，而且李斛已经形成了自己的一套带有体系性的造型技巧。这本是一条完全允许和完全可能取得进一步完善的艺术思路，但是一顶被上了纲的“民族虚无主义”的帽子，即使他转向了传统笔法的研究，也堵塞了他自己那理想的窗口。诚然由此使他的作品更具有了中国画的味道，但是也失去了李斛自己的独特味道，得乎失乎，其说不一，在我看来终是一憾。当然，李斛无论如何变法，中两画法的比重无论如何倾斜，他还是他，他还是以严谨、秀雅、活泼的艺术表现流露着自己的气质和个性。
李斛在现实主义这个体系里，他不是蒋兆和那样深沉的悲剧艺术家，而是一位严谨精微的抒情诗人。他不仅为我们留下了一批画风独特的精品，他的理论见解也是一笔宝贵的财富。他在1963年起草的一份《创作方法提纲》中认为艺术有学习、生活、技巧三大类。学习是为了树立正确的观点，包括正确的艺术观点、正确的认识生活、正确的思想感情，而且这一切要靠画本身来说话，而不是靠公式与定义组成。他认为生活是艺术宝库，是无底洞，对生活要爱得发狂，而且要在生活里不断‘充电’，只有这样才会激情似沸，才会文思如涌，才能避免从概念出发。在艺术技巧方面，他特别强调艺术感受能力，认为形象感受就是绘画的开始”，并特别注重形式法则，这位同时热爱体育和热爱音乐的人也把节奏和韵律引入到了他的绘画理论和艺术表现之中，这一点在革命历史画《广州起义》（1957年）那排山倒海的气势里得到集中体现。他对这一切都十分认真，十分投入，他认为搞艺术“不能做小买卖”，“在艺术上就是要强求，不怕费事”，他就是这样一位以胸怀远志，不畏近难”为座右铭的人，这种精神对于以复杂的人和人类社会为对象的人物画家来讲实在是非常必要的一种内力。正是赖于这种内力，他才终成为融合中西的卓有成就的一员骁将，不仅在人物画方面，也在夜景山水画等方面闪烁着他的艺术光辉。尤其1954年所作《江心》波光粼粼，灯火闪烁，倒影跳荡，可谓参用西洋画法表现新中国生产建设图景的代表作，后期又以融会了北宗笔法的《三峡夜航》（1971年）使其成为现代夜景山水的独特发现者。
在中国现代画史上，因有“借古开今”和“借洋兴中”两大派系而有激烈的论争，而且都曾不无偏颇地分别有过“闭关自守”和“民族虚无”两个极端。徐悲鸿及其学派传人既对中国绘画的开拓有过贡献，亦毫无例外地有其局限而毋庸避讳。但站在“游于艺”及艺术“和而不同”的立场上，正如徐悲鸿、李斛对齐白石的尊重和齐白石对徐悲鸿、蒋兆和的称赞那样，多种不同的艺术流派当相互尊重与宽容，且各有其不可替代的贡献被记录于史册之中。在李斛诞辰90周年的日子里，当我们品味其精品之时，完全会陶醉于艺术之中，仰望艺术星空，那澄澈的蓝天上，李斛那颗星座依然闪耀着独异的历史的光辉。
作者｜刘曦林
原文发表于《中华文化画报》2009年第5期
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(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
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(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
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The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
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Use in perpetuity.
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The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
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(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
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Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
