站在人生的前线——胡一川艺术与文献展
- 2020.11.18—12.23-
由中央美术学院、广州美术学院主办的“站在人生的前线——胡一川艺术与文献展”正在中央美术学院美术馆展出。展览以聚焦胡一川不平凡的人生历程和艺术历程为内容，展示了胡一川各时期重要油画、版画具有代表性的作品和珍贵文献约500余件，共分为五个板块，从口述史、美术作品、美育文献、人生抉择等方面进行切入，多角度展现胡一川“勇敢地跑到时代的前头当旗手”的人生追求。我们将循着展呈顺序，按版块，以图文的方式，进一步梳理胡一川与展品，展品与时代之间的关系。
胡一川，《红军过雪山》，1959年，作于广州，布面油画，尺寸不详，原作已佚，仅存黑白照片
油画《红军过雪山》是胡一川为《中国人民解放军建军三十周年纪念美术展览会》所创作的大型历史画，也是胡一川南下组建中南美术专科学校后，第一幅重要的主题油画创作。我们从他留下来大量的速写、油画实地写生、创作手稿和日记、笔记中，都能感受到他对这幅作品的重视和创作热情。
1956年7月，在武汉领导中南美专教学工作的胡一川接到来自西野的工作安排。
“明年是中国人民解放军建军三十周年纪念，总政、文化部和美协三个单位发起要开一个美术展览会。西野同志来说，已决定我画一幅‘红军过雪山’的历史画，他说全国的美术工作者差不多能动员的都动员了，而且都具体地分配了任务。我很愿意参加这一类光荣的工作，已经和武汉军区的副司令员孔庆德同志和传成贵、覃同翰、袁福生、杨国夫、肖远久等同志，他们都是经过长征，翻过雪山的老同志谈过一次，了解了一下当时的具体情况。我于一九三七年到陕北时虽然看见不少红军，但与过雪山时的情景相差很远，如果不作细致的调查研究工作，甚至到当地去看看，是不容易完成这任务，因为上庐山学习，结果这工作又要搁下来了”。
——《胡一川日记》1956年7月9日
《中国人民解放军建军三十周年纪念美术展览会》于1957年8月1日在北京市劳动人民文化宫开幕。这次展览由解放军政治部主持，组织了400多位美术家参与创作，共展出420件作品，为期3个月，得到了广大群众的好评。
《中国人民解放军建军三十周年纪念美术展览会》展讯
当年的1月25日，即在展览开幕六个月之前曾在政治学院为中国美术家协会召集了一个座谈会。莫文骅中将、任荣少将、解放军总政治部和政治学院许多同志以及中国美术家协会各分会负责同志出席了座谈会。这些同志认真考察了参展作品，并在座谈会上对展品作了相应的评价，有热情的鼓励，也有严正的批评。这些评价对今天的我们思考艺术创作如何表现现实主义题材，仍然具有现实的指导意义。
今天我们的部队正规化了，条件好了，总的说官兵关系仍然保持了光荣传统，但确也有些同志忘了过去，滋长了官僚主义脱离群众的坏习气。如能形象生动地从多方面表现出革命光荣传统，教育今天的部队，也会起很大作用。“红军过雪山”、“红军过草地”对这方面有所表现，就很感动人。但如“渡过金沙江”、“雪山进军”、“行军路上”等，都没有表现这些，使人对红军征行军还感觉有些一般化，缺乏特点。
——中国人民解放军少将任荣[1]
接到任务的胡一川并没有着急投入到创作中去，而是向参加翻过雪山的老同志取经，了解当时翻雪山的真实细节。他认为虽然红军过雪山时的环境是恶劣的，红军的物质条件很差，但是要表现人物的精神面貌，不能把红军画成“叫花子”，雪山虽美也不能画成风景画。
我认为要表现红军过雪山可以把毛主席的两句诗“更喜岷山千里雪，三军过后尽开颜”作为主题思想。
为了更全面地反映红军当时的精神面貌，应该表现出红军当时的艰苦和克服困难、乐观主义和胜利信心相结合。……没有比较深入细致的调查研究，你最好不要急于构图。
——《胡一川日记》1956年7月13日，未出版
1956年7月中旬，胡一川上庐山学习哲学课程。学习的间隙一直在考虑“红军过雪山”的构图方式。
今天上午开组长联席会，会后我到宋□夫同志那里去坐了一下，谈了一些关于红军过雪山的情况，他答应再约一个时间详细地再谈一次，他是经过几次雪山的长征老干部。
每当我躺在床上时，老是想着红军过雪山的情景，但我不敢先肯定到底采取哪个角度好。
——《胡一川日记》1956年7月14日，未出版
扶着为革命挂了彩的同志和身体比较弱的同志向恶劣的自然作斗争，应该是红军过雪山的重要特征之一。
——《胡一川日记》1956年8月15日，未出版
展览现场
1956年9月，胡一川向总政提出去一趟西南实地取材，并同时向对外文化联络局提出不到匈牙利去，结果被批准了。9月10日，胡一川先到西安，再经成都到西藏。一路上边走边画，经过二郎山时，画了很多速写。又走过瓦斯沟、康定、甘孜、折多山、五千多公尺高的雀儿山、新路海、金沙江，画了8、9张油画风景和大量速写。
胡一川，二郎山之十四，1956年，作于四川，纸本铅笔，12cm×19cm，胡一川研究所藏
胡一川，四川二郎山，1956年，作于四川，纸本铅笔，12cm×19cm，胡一川研究所藏
胡一川，奉节码头，1956年，作于四川，布纹纸，40cm×51cm，胡一川研究所藏
胡一川，万县桥，1956年，作于四川，布纹纸，40cm×52.5cm，胡一川研究所藏
展览现场
我感到毛主席那两句诗可作为过雪山的主题思想，但不能根据这两句诗来创造人物的思想感情。
我应该着重表现红军当时的艰苦，表现红军如何克服困难向恶劣的大自然作斗争。从这里可以看出红军的伟大，红军为什么要过这样的雪山啊？是由于反动派逼出来的。为什么红军能克服和战胜这个艰苦的斗争，是由于红军是有共产党毛主席领导，有高度阶级觉悟的队伍，在画面上应着重表现风、雪、冷、阶级友爱、向恶劣环境作斗争的坚强意志。
画面一定要以人物的思想感情为主，雪山是次要的。
画面应使读者感到惊心动魄，一见红军战士就起敬仰之心。
——《胡一川日记》
1956年10月13日，未出版
胡一川，激流，1956年，作于四川，纸本铅笔，26cm×19cm，胡一川研究所藏
胡一川，岷江放木，1956年，作于四川，布纹纸，47.5cm×53cm，胡一川研究所藏
因为风雪，车队都停在折多山快到顶上，我深深体会到风雪冷，空气稀薄的气氛。我认为这对于我画红军过雪山是很有大帮助的。……我现在深深感觉到艰苦奋斗才是我这幅画的主题思想。风不管刮得多大，天气是如何的寒冷，空气不管怎样稀薄，红军的衣服不管怎样单薄，但一定要翻过这雪山，一定要前进。
绝对不会有人想到我会在折多山顶的车篷内想红军过雪山的构图。
寒风由北面向南吹，红军顽强地一定要向北进，这种尖锐的斗争可以统一我的画面。
你能画出红军与寒风搏斗的各种姿态出来是美丽的。
在画面上最好还能看出反对派所给予的创伤。
在画面上不是在飘雪，而是被风刮得象细雨一般的飞沙。……住在折多山头上受冻，听了风雪的呼啸，尝尝高原上的冰雪风味，对于我创作红军过雪山还是有很大帮助的。
——《胡一川日记》1956年10月20日，未出版
经过实地考察和多方了解，胡一川最终决定表现红军过雪山头的场面。
要画一幅历史画，如果没有进行深入的调查研究工作是不行的，在访问时是越具体越好。
我应该以主要精力来完成这幅画，在这光荣而艰巨的任务中不应该有一点投机取巧的想法。
县长完全同意我的主观意图，他还告诉我有的战士把枪插在肩上背，一只手拉着皮带，有的用布缠手，有病的才拿棍子，在山头上风大，脚印一会儿就被雪盖着了，有的为了怕冷风，用手巾或布把嘴鼻都盖上，结上了冰花。
——《胡一川日记》1956年11月12日
胡一川，带枪的藏民之一， 1956年，作于四川，纸本铅笔，36.3cm×25.2cm，胡一川研究所藏
胡一川，藏民全身像，1956年，作于四川，纸本铅笔，26.8cm×19.3cm，胡一川研究所藏
11月中旬，胡一川一行到达盐井乡，他花了四个小时在红军经过的短偏桥画了一张油画。在硗碛乡给藏族妇女画了两张头像。胡一川不畏艰辛，翻越红军走过的夹金山，在五道湾的山头上，收集了许多照片素材，还让当地军民帮助“摆拍”了一些创作所需要的细节资料。翻过夹金山以后，为了体验更多红军当年的路程，胡一川一行按照宝兴县委的指示，一直深入到达维。由于风沙太大，又与大部队失去联系，只好原路返回，第二次翻过夹金山。同年12月中旬，胡一川结束这一段取材之旅，回到武汉。
胡一川，偏桥，1956年，作于四川，纸板油画，54cm×39cm，胡一川研究所藏
胡一川，藏族姑娘，1956年，作于四川，纸板油画，36.3cm×25.2cm，胡一川研究所藏
回到武汉以后，胡一川一面忙于学校工作，一面画《红军过雪山》的底稿。1957年初，他曾写了两封信给安排他这次作画任务的西野，在信中详细说明构图细节及其原因。
胡一川，《红军过雪山》素描稿 ， 1957年，作于广州，纸本铅笔，18cm×29.4cm，胡一川研究所藏
胡一川，《红军过雪山》画稿，1959年，作于广州，布面油画，尺寸不详，原作已轶，仅存黑白照片
1957年1月胡一川致西野信件
《红军过雪山》的画稿通过展览主办方的审查，1957年1月25日的座谈会对《红军过雪山》也有过积极的评价，同时也提出了一些修改意见。但是由于1957年6月底至同年10月间，胡一川受文化部派遣前往苏联担任“国际青年联欢节美术竞赛”的评委，没有足够时间完成《红军过雪山》这幅巨制，因而没能赶上在1957年8月1日开幕的《中国人民解放军建军三十周年纪念美术展览会》。
由于没有完全按照组委会的建议修改作品，胡一川曾在日记中预言这幅画落选的可能性。事实上，在拥抱主旋律与真诚地表达现实主义艺术性之间，胡一川最终选择了忠于内心，忠于他自己亲眼丈量现实，创作出壮阔而动人的精彩画面。
最终这张画于1959年7月完成，带着作者对于创作时间不够的遗憾于1959年7月24日寄往在北京的中国人民革命军事博物馆。在1959年12月的日记中，胡一川提到有友人在革命博物馆看到了《开镣》，但是没有在军事博物馆看到《红军过雪山》。此后，找寻《红军过雪山》这幅作品存在的线索和下落成为胡一川研究的工作使命之一。
直至今日，我们只能通过黑白照片、素描草图、胡一川在广州美院家中创作《红军过雪山》的照片、取材过程中的写生以及日记中的只言片语，窥探《红军过雪山》这幅巨制的面貌以及创作历程。
1959年，胡一川在广州家中创作《红军过雪山》
《过雪山》的画稿北京通过了，但一直因为整风关系，我只在大画布上只上了三个半天颜色就停下来了。文化部又突然决定我参加“国际青年联欢节美术竞赛”的评委，在本月廿六日以前要赶到北京，因此我这幅画是无法参加八一的展出了。
当八一画展开幕时看不到我这幅画，我想不知有多少人会责备我，我内心里也深深感觉到对不起二万五千里长征的红军战士。
因为我负责了中南美专的校长，而且是党总支书记，我没有理由抛开整风而专搞画。我经常用双手按着胸口，因创作欲经常象火山一样要爆发啊！
我这幅历史画虽然无法参加八一展出，但当我从苏联回来以后，当挤时间画得更完整，争取送入博物馆去，我一定希望我这幅画能有经过长征的红军战士看到，也使一些同志感到我虽然担任了繁重的行政工作，终究画完了这幅历史画。
——《胡一川日记》1957年6月25日于车厢里
展览现场
文献整理及文字、图片提供：
广州美术学院胡一川研究所 钟佳
注释
[1]《美术》，1958年第2期，第5页
参考文献
[1] 《更好地塑造革命军人形象——关于“中国人民解放军建军三十周年纪念美术展览会”》，《美术》，1958年第2期。
[2] 胡一川日记，1956年—1959年部分，未出版。
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Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
