“运动与身体”系列研讨回溯（第五讲）
中央美术学院美术馆2022年度专题学术活动 “运动与身体”系列研讨，邀请了来自艺术史、艺术创作、哲学、体育研究、舞蹈、戏剧表演等领域的21位专业人士，聚焦艺术创作、体育实践中的“运动”与“身体”， 展开跨学科的学术探究和对话。活动由中央美术学院美术馆主办，馆长张子康担任学术主持、学术部主任刘希言作为活动召集人，并得到了中央美术学院《美术研究》编辑部的支持。
研讨内容共分为四个议题，分别为：“当代艺术中的运动与竞技体育中的艺术”“奥林匹克的艺术创造”“东西方的身体观与运动观”“经典美术案例中的运动艺术表现”，试图从运动之美、协调之巧、奥林匹克、身体逻辑等角度切入对经典艺术和体育文化的观察。第二个议题“奥林匹克的艺术创造”于6月5日举行首次讲座（这也是“运动与身体”系列研讨的第五讲），由北京体育大学人文学院副教授赵娟主讲，主题为“古希腊运动的艺术表现与奥林匹克的视觉创造”。本次讲座由中央美术学院美术馆副馆长高高主持。
主讲人简介
赵娟
北京体育大学人文学院副教授，复旦大学文学博士，曾在中央美术学院博士后流动站从事艺术理论与美术史相关的研究工作。
讲座内容
线上讲座现场
此次讲座围绕艺术史与奥林匹克运动史上享有盛名的雕塑作品《掷铁饼者》展开，探讨“掷铁饼者”视觉形象的构建逻辑及其演变，为“运动与身体”研讨的第二个议题“奥林匹克的艺术创造”开场。讲座从三个方面展开：
波留克列特斯，《束发的运动员》
首先，赵娟在古希腊奥林匹克运动会的历史语境中阐述了古代奥林匹克中“运动”与“艺术”之间的紧密关联。结合古代奥林匹克竞技赛会的考古遗址、竞技赛会的举办及其文化语境，使听众了解到：古代奥林匹克竞技会作为宗教节日的一部分，带有较强的献祭与表演性质，随之衍生出的胜利者画像、塑像等艺术作品使得奥林匹亚不仅是举办竞技比赛的场所，更是一座充满艺术品的“名人堂”。依照真人打造具有纪念意义的雕塑这一传统也推动了欧洲人体雕塑的发展。盛放奖品的奖杯上绘制的人体与比赛中运动员们的健美身姿遥相呼应。体育运动塑造了青年优美的体态，竞技场成为艺术家的学校，艺术家将运动的力与美，表现为艺术。正是“力”与“美”让奥林匹克运动与古代艺术紧密结合了起来。这一传统一直延续到现代奥林匹克运动会。由此揭示出奥林匹克运动史上一段几近被遗忘的历史，即1912-1948年，在奥林匹克运动会期间举办的“奥林匹克艺术竞赛”。
米隆，《掷铁饼者》，现藏于罗马国立博物馆
在历史语境的铺垫之后，赵娟聚焦古希腊雕塑家米隆的《掷铁饼者》的视觉分析，进而讨论古希腊运动人体的艺术表现问题。在厘清了已经轶失的米隆原作，以及由罗马时期的复制品形成的不同版本的“掷铁饼者”的问题之后，她提出了一个核心问题：究竟是这件作品完美的艺术表现形式奠定了它体育历史上的地位，还是奥林匹克运动的灵韵赋予了其经久不衰的艺术魅力？
现代掷铁饼动作技术分解
对掷铁饼者的几何分析
为了解答这一问题，赵娟从运动技术动作的角度，指出掷铁饼者的动作并非以运动效能最大化的运动姿态的真实记录，而是按照古希腊人的美的理想进行的视觉建构，其中体现了古希腊几何学的理想，以及后来新古典主义所指出的“高贵的单纯与静穆的伟大”的美学理想，与此同时，雕塑作品“单一视点原则”的二位平面构图中，蕴含着对古老传统的关联与改造。通过理性的设计创造出理想的美，使得这一形象在体育文化与艺术领域成为了经典。
从左至右：1896年奥运会摄影作品；1920年奥运会海报；1948年伦敦奥运会海报
《奥林匹亚》中的掷铁饼者形象
最后，赵娟探讨了“掷铁饼者”这一形象在现代奥林匹克运动史中的深刻影响，尤其是1896年首届现代奥林匹克运动会上“掷铁饼”技术动作的不同叙事、摄影和杂志插图中的影像再造、围绕“希腊式投掷”和“自由式投掷”技术动作的争论、官方海报、官方电影中不同版本“掷铁饼者”使用。与此同时，与奥林匹克运动相伴随的当代艺术创作对“掷铁饼”形象的再利用，带来的不同的视觉叙事和意义生成，勾勒出了“掷铁饼者”在20世纪的大众文化和艺术生产中视觉再造的复杂性，以及它与当代艺术之间交织的多重关系。
高高、赵娟线上交流
在讨论交流环节，高高提问道，掷铁饼者在审美层面上是否受到古希腊竞技赛会宗教性的影响，对此赵娟的回答是肯定的，并补充指出，掷铁饼者凸显的古希腊理想美并不是概念化的，而是具有特定的历史文化语境。“体育视觉”独特的建构逻辑不仅是一个艺术史的问题，也是体育人文社会学需要研究的话题。
“运动与身体”系列研讨
主办：中央美术学院美术馆
支持：中央美术学院《美术研究》编辑部
学术主持：张子康（中央美术学院美术馆馆长）
活动召集：刘希言（中央美术学院美术馆学术部主任）
时间：2022年4月-10月
扫码查看活动详情
文字整理：冯亦楠
图片来源：中央美术学院美术馆、赵娟
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I. General Provisions
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(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
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(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
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(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
