“何处寻行迹”展览研究工作坊公开讲座系列
讲座题目：何处寻龙脉——明清山水画的风格源流
主讲人：邵彦（中央美术学院人文学院教授）
主持人：黄小峰（“何处寻行迹”展览学术顾问，中央美术学院人文学院院长，教授）
2023年10月9日，“何处寻行迹——中央美术学院美术馆藏古代绘画中的人与自然”展览的系列讲座第一场“何处寻龙脉：明清山水画的风格源流”于美术馆学术报告厅举行，该讲座也是此次展览研究工作坊的公开授课之一。
主持人 黄小峰
讲座由人文学院院长黄小峰教授主持。在讲座伊始，黄小峰对主讲人邵彦教授进行简要介绍，并概述了本系列学术讲座的背景与目的。本系列讲座是人文学院与“何处寻行迹”展览合作的一部分，亦是多方协作的成果，目的在于将展览、研究工作坊与学院教学相结合，一方面将央美馆藏推向社会大众，另一方面促进师生的前沿学术研究。
主讲人 邵彦
主讲人邵彦聚焦于“明清山水画的风格源流”的核心问题展开演讲。“何处寻行迹”展览主要按照山水画的人迹活动布展，因此有必要提供美术史背景知识的介绍，以帮助大家更好地理解展品内容。邵彦幽默表示，“有画的地方就有江湖”，明清山水画的基本特点是承袭了一组组五代宋元以来成型的风格源流，需要观者辨识：“兄弟，你是哪一道的？”
张雨（款），《山水》轴，元
绢本水墨，纵 169 厘米、横 97 厘米
中央美术学院美术馆藏
作为序幕，邵彦介绍了展览中唯一的一件元代画――张雨（款）《山水轴》，通过对笔墨风格、张雨书风以及龙骨痕迹的分析，引用徐邦达的口头意见指出画风近似元代画家唐棣，推断其画面右侧曾遭裁割，此画可能在从屏风上取下后被切去原款，在左上角加张雨款。
接下来，邵彦将此次展品依照风格分为浙派、吴门画派、金陵画派、董其昌传派和徽州画派，并带来对晚明红树青山、变形主义等画坛新风的精彩解读。
展览中的两件浙派作品局部对比
既往学术史往往对浙派评价不高，20世纪艺术市场中浙派作品并未受到重视。因此，邵彦重新梳理了浙派的定义，指出浙派作为全国性的画派，赞助人主要集中在王府、富商之中。值得注意的是，此次展览中的山水人物和风雨归舟两类绘画皆是道教题材。前者以戴进《松下弈棋图》、陈君佐（款）《山水人物》和雅仙《二老弹琴图》为代表，表现自然环境中的寻隐、访道、遇仙、求仙活动，这类题材可以上溯到辽宁法库叶茂台辽墓出土《深山会棋图》；后者则以金廷标《风雨等舟图》为例，与北宋佚名《溪山风雨图》、南宋佚名《风雨归舟图》、李迪《风雨归牧图》等作品对比可见明代浙派承袭了宋代对道教雷法的关注，尤其在表现“风雨”上有技法突破，而清代人画此类题材则较明代人有明显退步。
沈周，《云水行窝图》卷，1503年
纸本设色，纵 33 厘米、横 164 厘米
中央美术学院美术馆藏
接着，邵彦从明代吴门派风格及其余脉的角度切入，主要分析了吴门派画家的用笔特点，他们承袭五代董巨又有所变化。如沈周《云水行窝图》的烟云既有侧锋淡墨揉擦，也有中锋细腻勾勒。在张宏《松声泉韵图》中，可以看出其山石、双松的运笔近似沈周粗笔画法；张宏的另一件展品《山水图》中的破碎短线则相对更接近他的个人风格。在《王维诗意图》中，文伯仁运用了大量的点子造型，山体缺少董巨的丰厚之感。而陆治作为吴门画派中于传统求变的代表性人物，笔墨风格承袭文徵明之余更多采用浙派的侧锋用笔，《桃源图》中小青绿设色，笔法风骨俊俏，是其典型的风格面貌，相比京江派画家潘恭寿的《仿陆叔平林屋洞天图》，锋棱感更强。
展览中的两件白云红树青山图局部对比
明末清初，画坛开始出现一批重色彩的红树青山题材作品，如本次展览中的张宏《临古山水册》之一、蓝瑛的《白云红树图》和祁豸佳《仿张僧繇画法山水》。这类红树青山图与以蓝瑛为代表的武林派创作活动有关，祁豸佳作为绍兴人也可能受其影响。此类作品题款虽写仿张僧繇，其实是由董其昌和蓝瑛依托明代苏州片的视觉元素创造的仿古风格。由此可见，武林派不完全是浙派支系，与苏州画风也有密切联系。
任伯年作品中的变形主义渊源
邵彦还注意到晚明变形主义与道教信仰的联系。李士达摹谢时臣的《匡庐泉图》属于仙山题材，推测是藏家请李士达重绘谢时臣的屏风画。谢时臣作为职业画家，绘制的《匡庐泉图》、《四皓图》、《武当雪霁图》等仙山寻隐题材曾非常受市场欢迎，赞助人可能是富裕的道教信众。在任伯年《米芾拜石》上也可见变形主义余风，流云一般的石头令人联想到萧云从和崔子忠。
清初金陵画派试图复兴宋画的坚实风格，由明末胡宗仁开其先声。邹喆的《钟山远眺图》体现了金陵派典型风格。此图的山石结构近范宽和王履，在晚明浙北苏南的嘉兴、湖州以及苏州一带流行风格基础上融合了北宋画的宏伟构图和强健笔力。吴焯也是南京本地画家，他的《山水图》属于吴门派典型构图，这种构图可以追溯到明初杜琼的《友松图》、《南村别墅图》等作品。
查士标与董其昌的作品对比
晚明影响最大的大师是董其昌，在展出的查士标、王鉴等人的作品中可见其风格。查士标是直接学董其昌的画家，在《山水》轴中把行书的书写速度带到山水画用笔上，与董其昌相比速度感更甚。王鉴早年成名，曾与董其昌齐名，列于“画中九友”，《仿沈石田山水》中的山石跟张宏学沈周的画法相似，近景松树组合则近黄公望《天池石壁图》。此图与冷枚《蕉荫读书图》皆为固始张效彬旧藏，他是晚清北京官员群体之外较重要的北方收藏家。
纸本和绢本上的细笔效果对比
谈及徽州画派的多样遗泽，邵彦强调了山水画中材料与技法的结合度。一智《黄山峰顶图》可能受版画语言影响，用笔尖细，将纸上的干笔精微推向极致，开发了董巨在绢本上没有达到的面貌。朱昂之的《仿王蒙山水图》尽管同样使用尖细繁笔，但追求的是纸本上的厚重感，因此难及绢本效果。金古良《山水》的皴法细节与朱昂之类似，却因放在绢本上而略显单薄。此外，从江西籍清宫画家万上遴的《空江野村图》中可以看出徽州画派对江西画坛的影响。
与此同时，邵彦对任熊、任任伯年等人的《摛藻扬华图册》以及王素《人物》金笺扇页进行了题材考证。“摛藻扬华”出自汉代班固《答宾戏》“虽驰辩如涛波，摛藻如春华，犹无益於殿最也”一句。其中《吹笛图》一页则出自东汉马融《长笛赋》。扬州画家王素的扇面描绘了“仙人乘槎泛天河”场景，在台北故宫博物院、北京故宫博物院、吴中区博物馆和美国克利夫兰博物馆还藏有四件同题材的朱碧山银槎杯，可见这一母题的跨媒介表达。
“何处寻行迹”展览研究工作坊学员在讲座后与主讲人交流
在答疑环节，邵彦针对展览研究工作坊的学员提问，包括张雨（款）《山水》轴是唐棣还是唐棣传派的作品、青山红树图与日本大和绘和苏州片的关系、如何解释风雨归舟题材中的道教因素等问题一一进行回应。
“何处寻行迹”展览研究工作坊合影
在讲座结尾，主持人黄小峰向主讲人、美术馆工作人员以及所有参与讲座的听众表示了感谢，他认为丰富生动的讲座内容对工作坊学员的研究以及美术史爱好者定有所启发，也期待展览和讲座可以引发新的研究。策展人刘希言向听众转达了展览延期至10月22日的通知，建议对讲座内容感兴趣的朋友可沿着邵彦提供的流派线索再来展厅品读作品。
讲座现场
文/金洙莹（中央美术学院硕士研究生）
展览信息
文化和旅游部“2023年全国美术馆馆藏精品展出季”入选项目
何处寻行迹
馆藏古代绘画中的人与自然
主办：中央美术学院美术馆
展览时间：2023年9月8日-10月22日
展览地点：中央美术学院美术馆2层A展厅
赞助：北京鑫河艺博文化有限公司、北京自定义科技文化创意有限公司
工作坊学员与主持人、工作组在9月开班的合影
| 工作坊主持 |
黄小峰（“何处寻行迹”展览学术顾问，中央美术学院人文学院院长、教授）
| 工作坊内容 |
一、公开讲座
尹吉男（中央美术学院人文学院原院长、现任广州美术学院图像与历史高等研究院院长）：《城与野》
邵彦（中央美术学院人文学院教授）：《何处寻龙脉——明清山水画的风格源流》
付阳华（中国人民大学艺术学院教授）：《何处寻桃源——明清之际遗民情境中的人物图像》
二、内部授课
董梅（中央美术学院人文学院教授）：《文学与绘画中的仰观俯察——讨论中国文化中的“天地人”观看视角》
郭怀宇（故宫博物院副研究馆员）：《鉴定中的风格与材料问题》
郑弌（中央美术学院人文学院副教授）：《从风景到景观：山水画叙事的经电话》
边凯（中央美术学院中国画与书法学院副教授）：《山水画里的点景人物》
窦天炜（中央美术学院美术馆修复师）：《美术馆纸本修复》
刘希言（“何处寻行迹”展览策展人、中央美术学院美术馆副研究员）：《策展思路与策展背后》
三、学员成果汇报
该部分将由姜鹏（国家博物馆副研究馆员）、万笑石（中央美术学院人文学院讲师）和陈冠石（“何处寻行迹”展览策展助理）进行主持与指导
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
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Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
