“何处寻行迹”展览研究工作坊公开讲座系列
讲座题目：何处寻龙脉——明清山水画的风格源流
主讲人：邵彦（中央美术学院人文学院教授）
主持人：黄小峰（“何处寻行迹”展览学术顾问，中央美术学院人文学院院长，教授）
主持人 高高
2023年10月13日，“何处寻行迹——中央美术学院美术馆藏古代绘画中的人与自然”展览的系列讲座第二场“何处寻桃源——明清之际遗民情境中的人物图像”于美术馆学术报告厅举行，讲座由中国人民大学艺术学院付阳华教授主讲，美术馆副馆长高高和美院人文学院副教授郑弌主持。高高首先介绍了付阳华的学术研究背景，尤其是她与本次讲座内容关联较大的著作《明遗民绘画的图像叙事》，这也将为展览展出的部分山水画提供另一个观看视角。该讲座也是此次展览研究工作坊的公开授课之一。
主讲人 付阳华
讲座伊始，付阳华肯定了 “何处寻行迹”展览作为高校藏画展在叙述思路上的可贵之处，本次展览围绕馆藏明清绘画，重点关注了文人绘画中点景人物的丰富样态与绘画程式，更通过展览作品的陈列实现了对明清之际地域风格特点的直接对比，关注其各自地域山水及点景人物表现的不同特色。而在展厅中，数件作品在一般的文人绘画之外，又呈现出与明清易代后的遗民群体千丝万缕的联系，这些作品引发了付阳华的浓厚兴趣。
沈周，《云水行窝图》卷（局部），1503年
纸本设色，纵 33厘米、横 164厘米
中央美术学院美术馆藏
绘制《云水行窝图》的沈周是彼时最引人注目的画家，作为明代吴门绘画的代表画家，他虽不愿意涉足官场，却在文人层面满足了我们对于文人及其绘画的一切想象。明人对于“吾家”沈周的叙述，它们展现出吴门画家对于自身地望风格的身份认同。
樊圻，《抚梅图》轴，清
绢本水墨，纵113厘米、横56厘米
中央美术学院美术馆藏
一智，《黄山峰顶图》轴，清
纸本设色，纵113厘米，横59厘米
中央美术学院美术馆藏
展厅中作为“金陵八家”之一樊圻的作品也引起了付阳华的关注。通过对作品中抚梅动态的关注，以及时人及上世纪40年代鉴藏家题跋的对比解读，付阳华注意到金陵在遗民群体中的特殊地位，另外经历了甲申之变的金陵画家让正处于抗日战争逃亡中（1944年甲申年）的“读画者”产生了“异代同调”的共情。在《黄山峰顶图》中，雪庄、一智师徒对于黄山的关注也展现出彼时出世画家对于写生其隐居山林的热爱。它们无不展现出遗民艺术丰富的表现形式及其在后世所能引起的复杂激荡。
付阳华关于遗民绘画的四重发问
在阐释对展览作品的新解之余，付阳华回顾了其既往以肖像为核心的遗民绘画讲授。她提出，基于对典型遗民画作中传状、服帽旧制、实况、易代岁月和题跋语境的分析，我们可以尝试回答“画中之人，是写实还是虚笔？”“画中之景，蕴含着何种情怀？”“人与景之间如何构成了一种映照与互文？”“他们又与今天的观看者间有什么联系？”这四重递进的问题。而本次讲座中，付老师则希望通过近期研究中的新例尝试发现遗民绘画中的新视野。
项圣谟《自画像》与《尚友图》中的项圣谟形象对比
《松涛散仙图》《朱色山水自画像》《大树风号图》三作形象对比
首先，付阳华透过项圣谟一系列自画像和写像，注意到其在明清之际对于自身形象的处理有全身的细致肖像，也有山水画中的点景人物。早年项圣谟1646的《自画像》为文人常见的生日写生小像，而1652年绘制以记录1635年雅集的《尚友图》中的他则明显更为年轻，其展现出好友亡故，山河寥落之际对美好往昔的追忆。面对1644年明朝灭亡的际遇，其创作的《朱色山水自画像》以朱砂描绘风景，表现出“剩水残山色尚朱”的意味，相比《松涛散仙图》与《朱色山水自画像》，《大树风号图》甚至直接采用点景背影加以表现，传递出其沦为遗民之际隐晦复杂的自我表达与自我宣泄。
戴本孝，《华山十二景图》册（4/12），1669年
纵21.2厘米、横16.7厘米
上海博物馆藏
据《光绪直隶和州志》标注迢迢谷周边地形的《清代和州地图》
其次，付阳华借助戴本孝《山水册》等创作中的“洞中人”形象讨论了遗民画家对于人与山水隐居环境关系的塑造。戴本孝因其父绝食殉国而成为遗民，其《华山十二景图》则见证了其攀爬华山的写生记录。在攀登过程中，戴本孝注意到华山“毛女洞”“北斗坪”“古丈夫洞”等场景，并通过对这些洞景的提炼化用，创作出《华山毛女洞图》等一系列描绘洞中隐者仙人、山间高士乃至仙人自洞中乘槎出游的画面情节。在对于华山写生经验的挪用之外，戴本孝对于洞天景观的兴趣也与其隐居之地——迢迢谷周边复杂嶙峋的洞天景观相关，早年的视觉经验与当下的生活环境共同塑造了其对于“洞中人”主题的钟爱，也展现出遗民画家对于隐居环境的细致的匠心营造。
杨补，《怀古图咏册》（采薇），1648年
纸本水墨，每半开纵26.7厘米、横33厘米
上海博物馆藏
山水环境营造之外，付阳华借助遗民杨补1648年的《怀古图咏册》，讨论了遗民透过人物的仿古姿态所实现的“异代同调”性。杨补与其子皆为遗民，这套册页作为其私人观赏的画作，被杨补用于排遣寄托明亡后的生活岁月。册页内容由“采薇”“耦耕”“种瓜”“采芝”“因树为屋”“土室”“化汲”“卧雪”“采菊” “本穴世界”等情节组成。十幅画按照历史时间先后顺序排列，其主题皆为经历易代之际的高士。这件画作被杨补本人不断地翻阅查看，显然他希望让自己时时模仿与学习古贤们的生活模式，而这些故事还可以不断叠加、增殖，也反映出杨补将自身作为明清易代之际的高士，希望让自身加入先贤的行列，以继续传承遗民的风骨与气节。
吴历，《墨井草堂消夏图》，1679年
纸本水墨，纵36.4厘米、横268.4厘米
大都会博物馆藏
刘贯道《消夏图》画心局部
清代地图中的常熟周边地景
随后，付阳华又透过吴历的《墨井草堂消夏图》展现了画家兼顾别号、草堂、家山，地域中的自我画像。《墨井草堂消夏图》是吴历决定由虞山前往罗马前绘制的赠友之作，在图式上沿用了刘贯道等《消夏图》传统的图式动态。与此同时，吴历绘制出了自己的墨井草堂，其所居墨井草堂即由孔子弟子言偃的墨井而得名，是儒家的道源传统之象征，而通过一通记载吴历先祖的碑文可知，他很可能身为言氏之后。在这幅赠友之作中，其画面呈现出的V字形湖山布局，并绘制出藏书楼等家山景观，这些处理无疑结合了其家乡虞山与尚湖之间所构成的实地景观，而画面的描绘也见证了吴历对于家山故园的深切留恋。
郑弌主持讲座问答环节
讲座最后，付阳华系统总结了遗民绘画在形象、动态行为、色彩、方向、拆字法、笔墨处理、诗文内容等方面的隐秘特征。同时，她更提到遗民是一个在历史语境中不断变化的概念，需要我们在研究中以细致的观察加以审视。随后，郑弌总结了付阳华的讲座观点，他认为此次讲座通过一系列遗民绘画案例的生动串讲，为我们揭示出遗民绘画潜藏于一般文人绘画之下的隐秘细节，而“异代同调”的观念也提示我们关注不同时代遗民们面对类似际遇时具有共时性的自我形塑。
“何处寻行迹”展览研究工作坊合影
在问答环节，展览研究工作坊的学员及在场听众针对具有私密性的遗民绘画是否存在被公开观看与传播交流的可能性？逃禅出世的遗民是否有较为特殊的个人形象塑造？以及遗民绘画如何同一般文人的山水画与生活场景描绘加以区分辨析？等问题角度同付阳华进行了深入浅出的交流。
文/张鹏（中央美术学院博士研究生）
展览工作组在展厅的置景空间留影
展览已于近日结束，但展览引发的讨论、工作坊的学员研究仍在继续。同时，展览的一个公共教育活动也将以线上的形式继续持续一段时间，该活动名为“我在自然中”作品征集，向朋友们征集，你们之前在展厅置景空间的打卡照片以及你们在自然山水之间的照片，请大家发送照片至cafaartgroups@126.com，共同参与进这次展览的现场与记忆中来。
展览信息
文化和旅游部“2023年全国美术馆馆藏精品展出季”入选项目
何处寻行迹
馆藏古代绘画中的人与自然
主办：中央美术学院美术馆
展览时间：2023年9月8日-10月22日
展览地点：中央美术学院美术馆2层A展厅
赞助：北京鑫河艺博文化有限公司、北京自定义科技文化创意有限公司
工作坊学员与主持人、工作组在9月开班的合影
| 工作坊主持 |
黄小峰（“何处寻行迹”展览学术顾问，中央美术学院人文学院院长、教授）
| 工作坊内容 |
一、公开讲座
尹吉男（中央美术学院人文学院原院长、现任广州美术学院图像与历史高等研究院院长）：《城与野》
邵彦（中央美术学院人文学院教授）：《何处寻龙脉——明清山水画的风格源流》
付阳华（中国人民大学艺术学院教授）：《何处寻桃源——明清之际遗民情境中的人物图像》
二、内部授课
董梅（中央美术学院人文学院教授）：《文学与绘画中的仰观俯察——讨论中国文化中的“天地人”观看视角》
郭怀宇（故宫博物院副研究馆员）：《鉴定中的风格与材料问题》
郑弌（中央美术学院人文学院副教授）：《从风景到景观：山水画叙事的经电话》
边凯（中央美术学院中国画与书法学院副教授）：《山水画里的点景人物》
窦天炜（中央美术学院美术馆修复师）：《美术馆纸本修复》
刘希言（“何处寻行迹”展览策展人、中央美术学院美术馆副研究员）：《策展思路与策展背后》
三、学员成果汇报
该部分将由姜鹏（国家博物馆副研究馆员）、万笑石（中央美术学院人文学院讲师）和陈冠石（“何处寻行迹”展览策展助理）进行主持与指导
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
