自古以来，人们从未停止对“描绘可视现实外观”的追求，而摄影术的出现使得这一过程可以略过人类的双手，让物理世界中的景象自动出现在显影媒介上，彻底实现了对外观的精准再现。从摄影发明至今已有近两百年时间，无论从技术、主题、还是观念上来讲，摄影都远远突破了其发明之初时的模样，全球各地的图像制作者都借用摄影不断地刷新了我们对于“记录现实”这一概念的认知，丰富了我们定义艺术的视角。
追溯并讲述这些发展，正是策展人王春辰所想要为观众呈现的。国际摄影中心高级策展人克里斯托弗·菲利普斯于2011年捐献给中央美术学院1400余本关于摄影、当代艺术与建筑的书籍。菲利普斯一生都在研究和策划摄影，在他三十余年的摄影和艺术生涯中，他从世界各地收集了这些书籍。菲利普斯将有关西方艺术的书籍捐赠给了CAFAM，并将有关东方艺术的书籍捐赠给了纽约大都会博物馆。他提到，之所以这样划分这些书籍，是因为他认为这样有助于全球不同文化间的理解与交流。
策展人按时间顺序将摄影史划分为三个阶段，从这些宝贵的资料中筛选出了三百余本最能代表摄影史上关键性发展的文献并逐一进行介绍，旨在通过追踪这些“点”的来龙去脉，继而为观众清晰地描绘出一条关于摄影的历史线。除了常规的主题介绍文字外，我们还在每一阶段的结尾提供了围绕摄影的理论探讨与批判，使观众能够更为清晰地追踪各时期推动摄影发展的底层逻辑、回溯摄影与社会之间的双向作用力。本展还得到了泰吉轩画廊的卢骁先生的支持，惠借了他多年来收藏的各国摄影作品，与文献一并展出，使观众可以更加直观地了解摄影作品的原生质感与拍摄细节。
第一板块“发明与扩展”阐述了摄影在十九世纪的发展，主要是其发明、技术发展和早期应用。1826年，约瑟夫·涅普斯用日光蚀刻法拍摄了第一张照片；1835年，威廉·塔尔博特拍摄了现存最早的负片。终于，1839年8月19日，达盖尔公开了达盖尔摄影法的技术细节，法国政府收购了该发明专利，并将这项技术赠给世界，而这一天也被称为摄影术诞辰日。尽管达盖尔摄影法在其发明后很快就被更为便捷的技术逐渐替代，现在仍有摄影师在使用这一古老的技法，如日本摄影师荒井隆。
这种可以自动生成描绘现实的图像的技术被当时的学者和艺术家视为对“真正的艺术”的威胁。1859年，诗人查尔斯·波德莱尔声称，“如果允许摄影补充艺术的某些功能，它很快就会取代或完全破坏艺术”。著名英国艺术评论家约翰·罗斯金认为，摄影过于执着细节丰富的外表，以至于艺术家的个性和灵魂无法得以表达，而这正是艺术的核心。在那个时期，摄影达到了艺术的追求——模仿自然——的至高点，却同时被认为与艺术相斥。
摄影术的出现让十九世纪的人们可以在肖像工作室更迅速地留下自己写实的影像，可以获取异国的地貌风光而不必远行，可以目睹人类文明对自然科学的探索过程——摄影佐证并促成了现代的观看世界的方式。
书籍内页
展线照片
第二板块“步入现代”覆盖的时期见证了人类历史进程中各方面的巨变，包括了两次改变世界格局的世界大战，而摄影则记录了这些历史的演进。此处，我们将相同的时间拆分成两条线路，用白色与深灰色的墙面分别呈现了艺术以及社会与摄影的关系。
摄影的艺术性发展脉络从摄影分离派开始，这是一个于1902年由美国摄影师阿尔弗雷德·斯蒂格利茨和爱德华·斯泰钦成立的摄影小组，倡导将摄影作为一种艺术进行创作并向公众推广。在一些耳熟能详的现代主义艺术流派中，摄影的身影随处可见，它为前卫艺术的表达形式开拓了更多的可能性，例如，光动力学摄影为未来主义艺术家提供了重要的视觉策略来源。
面对瞬息万变的社会面貌，摄影不仅建立了一种视觉档案，还常常带有深刻的社会评论。现代摄影先驱之一尤金·阿杰以拍摄巴黎的城市景观和建筑著名，他用独特的视角捕捉了城市的变化和历史氛围。以其令人震惊的战争摄影而闻名的罗伯特·卡帕，冒着风险捕捉了包括西班牙内战和第二次世界大战在内的标志性图像，以直击人性深处的话语揭示了战争的残酷。
摄影的出现不只为艺术界带来了前所未有的剧变，还如理论家艾伦·塞库拉所言，摄影“不仅仅是一个独立的图片制作系统，它还与全球历史的大格局紧密相连”。摄影改变了我们观看世界的方式：得益于其易于复制和传播的性质，作为一种超越语言的视觉手段，摄影帮助创造了直接而深刻的视觉集体记忆——无论是通过立体图明信片、新闻报刊、还是互联网。
书籍内页
第三板块“发散与融合”取第二次世界大战的结束为起点，关注了战后摄影界百花齐放的趋势，其中各种“新”技法、“新”主题层出不穷、并驾齐驱，摄影的社会与艺术意义也变得愈发复杂和多样。在本板块中，摄影中不同主题的发展通过最具有代表性的摄影师们来体现，并使用不同的颜色来区分。
在战后世界中，摄影的纪实性在人们对战争和殖民的反思下肩负了新的道德使命。1955年于MoMA举办的摄影展览《人类大家庭》是二战后表达和平、宣扬人文主义的重要收藏之一。该展览中的摄影作品已超越了原始背景的特定叙事，在至今仍然代表着人类经验的共同方面。随着后现代思想的涌现，人们开始质疑西方艺术默认的预设，重新审视边缘化艺术；许多女性和非西方艺术家开始拿起相机，创造属于他们的“新形象”。
作为本次展览时间线上的最后一本文献，摄影展画册《过去和未来之间：中国新摄影与录像》提出了中国可以发展属于自己的摄影史的可能性。摄影在其发明之后很快就传到了中国，而在所谓“正统”的摄影史中，中国的摄影师却少之又少。这本书是本展览的结束，却是撰写中国摄影史的意识的开始。
展线照片
从使用笨重又昂贵设备的路易·雅克·曼德·达盖尔到携带相机捕捉街头人生百态的亨利·卡蒂埃-布列松，从反对人为加工照片的自然主义摄影到力图为摄影注入艺术性的阿尔弗雷德·斯蒂格利茨，从利用摄影的纪实性展现神秘东方的《摄影师和旅人眼中的中国面貌，1860-1912》到追溯中国摄影发展的展览《过去和未来之间：中国新摄影与录像》，从1839年摄影术发明时画家保罗·德拉罗什惊呼的“绘画已死”到1992年威廉·米切尔在数字化时代下声称的“摄影已死”...艺术家和学者在不断地以批判性的眼光审视摄影的过去，以前瞻性的表达钩织摄影的未来。
我们希望，通过这次具有重大意义的捐赠藏书展览，可以对摄影的两个世纪的历史做一个简要的介绍。更重要的是，本次展览并不仅仅旨在为观者讲述一个既定版本的历史。在后殖民主义的文化反思环境下，我们更希望这是对西方主导的艺术史全盘接受的结束。因此，我们保留了一个开放式的结尾——讲述并启发，而不是定义。诚然，由于场地的限制，展览中的文献还不足以囊括摄影史中所有重要的时刻；但它为观者提供了一种可视化摄影史的思路，阐明了一种追踪视觉文化脉络的方法。
文/黄南燕
部分捐赠藏书
部分参展作品
尤金·史密斯 西班牙村庄 24x17cm 明胶银盐 1951
《埃莉诺，芝加哥》哈利卡拉汉1949年明胶银盐144x126
《布鲁塞尔》亨利·卡蒂埃-布列松1932年362x241mm明胶银盐
《月升，埃尔南德斯，新墨西哥州》安塞尔·亚当斯1941年489x384mm明胶银盐
摄影小史：菲利普斯赠书摄影文献展
主办单位：中央美术学院美术馆
支持单位：泰吉轩画廊
展览时间：2023年9月19日–10月29日
展览地点：中央美术学院美术馆3层A展厅
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
