引言
在陈抱阳的《假蜃楼（q｜p）》展览中，我们见证了一场关于人工智能和人类共生的哲学探索，一个探究技术与艺术交织如何塑造我们对未来的想象的旅程。这是一个故事，关于智能体如何在规则的边界内绘制出不仅是技术的，而且是人性的复杂图景。陈抱阳的作品不仅是技术的展示，更是对人类命运深沉的反思。在每个由代码编织的场景中，我们看到了一个现实与虚拟交织的世界，一个既充满无限可能性，又充满深刻挑战的世界。他的作品如同一面镜子，反射出我们对于科技、自然、社会乃至我们自身的深层次问题和困惑。在这些光影和数字构成的叙事中，陈抱阳邀请我们一同沉思：在这个由人工智能与人类共同编织的未来中，我们将如何定义自己，又将如何在万千可能中找到我们的道路？
陈抱阳上一次在北京举办个展还是2017年，在798艺术区杨画廊的新空间。那时，他刚从纽约哥伦比亚大学完成学业回国，并回到中央美术学院任教。在画廊空间里，他展出了一座结合虚拟与现实元素的玻璃迷宫。自那以后，他一直沿着科技艺术这一路线进行创作，并保持着高产的状态，几乎每年都在上海、武汉、杭州以及中国南方的其他城市举办个人展览。虚拟现实（VR）常被视为一种个性化的体验媒介，而人工智能则是推动这种体验的核心动力。2023年12月，他带着在人工智能艺术领域的最新探索回到北京，展览地点选择在中央美术学院美术馆。
这次展览的标题由两部分构成：“假蜃楼”的双重否定意味着他在VR作品中对真实与虚假的探讨，与“异曲同工”。另一部分是数学符号（q|p），其直接意义是“在p发生的条件下q发生的概率”，这两部分共同指向一种由数字构建的仿真概率。
陈抱阳对人工智能的兴趣始于2014年，当时他创作了一组体现数字世界中的中国画。那时，人工智能还不像今天这般流行，他更倾向于将这些作品称为“算法生成的山水画”，并取名为《重构山水》。在离乡背井的背景下，他希望找到一种跨文化的方式来理解自己的文化根源。他在童年时与电脑世界中的错误（bugs）作斗争中找到了一种语言，通过编程代码重新诠释传统文化，透过时代的镜头。代码的每次运行都会产生细微的变化，在这种“标准化带来变化”的过程中，陈抱阳利用算法建立了古今之间的联系。这种联系也贯穿于他在人工智能与艺术融合领域的科研中，包括情感驱动的书法生成和皮影视频生成。
重构山水，2014. 人工智能生成
展厅中放置了两台电视机，循环播放着陈抱阳在2020年和2021年创作的两件作品。通过这两段作品的视频记录，观众可以轻易地观察到，陈抱阳在人工智能领域的探索远不止于日益流行的AIGC（AI生成内容）。随着人工智能技术的不断演进，他的创作重心从单一的AI生成性工作转移到了多智能体之间的互动和协作。他对图灵问题的关注也由AI的创造力实践转变为对机器意识的深入探索。他的艺术作品旨在探索多智能体系统（Multi-Agent Systems, MAS）中的合作和竞争，构建社会仿真景观。同时，他选择了具身智能（Embodied AI）在物理世界中的存在和其丰富的环境感知能力，作为其数字艺术创作物理化的路径。他的作品反映了数字艺术的发展趋势：艺术家利用人工智能和具身智能构建人工生态系统，观察并模拟多智体的生存和进化模式，从而创造和展示一个完整、动态、自我演化的生态环境。人工智能在生成图像、声音、三维物体的同时，也在构建海德格尔所提出的“Worlding”概念中，物与物之间的相互联系。
在《追逐迷雾》（2020）这一作品中，陈抱阳构建了两个具身智能体相互追逐的场景。这件作品探讨了人类与其所创造的智能体之间的关系，突出了造物者与被造物之间的复杂纠葛。作品中的追逐动态反映了多智能体系统内基于特定规则的智能体间互动。陈抱阳创造了一种“重观看，轻交互”的景观，观众可以通过设置虚拟障碍物来调整规则，进而影响智能体之间的互动模式。这种参与性体验不仅使观众成为生态系统的一部分，深入体验到规则设定的重要性，也间接反映了我们在模拟或重塑生态系统中的造物行为所蕴含的期望和傲慢。这种现象与古老神话或宗教中造物者为其创造的世界设定规则的行为类似，我们也在为我们所创造的数字生态系统定义行为和互动规范。这不仅挑战了我们对造物者角色的理解，也提醒我们，设定规则的权力是重大的，需要深思熟虑，以确保生态的和谐与可持续性。
在展厅的远端，观众可以看到《第一森林定律》（2021）这件作品，其中陈抱阳构建了一个具身的AI系统。这个数字世界为他创造了一层隔阂，一种界面。透过这个界面，陈抱阳可以看到南极冰川的消融，但听不到冰川崩塌的巨响。在对数字世界进行深切的关切、构筑和审视之后，他开始深入反思自己所处的真实与虚拟交织的复杂世界，并进一步探索自己的创作过程。由此，他构思出了《第一森林定律》中那棵特殊的树，它可能代表陈抱阳自己，或是任何人。这棵树深处于浓重的迷雾之中，形成一个既浪漫又哀伤的场景。在作品中，树木的根不再扎根于泥土，而是被程序控制的机械臂所裹挟。这个由人工智能驱动的环境，虽然表面上是为了优先考虑树木的健康和生长，实际上却忽视了树木的真实需要。艺术家故意去除了保护树木免受伤害的规则，并设置了错误的参数。这导致机械臂过于频繁地调整树木的位置，使其承受巨大的压力。机械臂代表的数字世界内在逻辑，可能悄无声息地动摇了人的本质。直至最后，树枝折断，叶片落满地面，迷雾逐渐消散，而机械臂依然在运作，但那棵树已不见了。这一幕展示了人类与我们所创造的科技世界之间复杂而微妙的关系。通过《第一森林定律》，陈抱阳深刻地探讨了在高科技干预下人与自然关系的重新塑造，以及我们在使用人工智能时应如何审慎地设置参数和规则。
这两件作品在整个展览中扮演着“假蜃楼”仿真系统的引言角色。它们共同展示了多智能体系统的力量，特别是具身智能体，它们能够从遵循基本规则的单个代理行为中产生复杂的行为模式，为艺术创作提供了一种丰富的表现手段。陈抱阳构建的“假蜃楼”是一个独特的虚拟试验场，其中结合了叙事结构、多智能体系统以及认知科学的元素。
在探索人工智能的生成能力时，陈抱阳不仅在不断探索算法的生成极限，还在思考人工智能是否真的愿意生成这些画面？机器的意识究竟是什么？因此，在“假蜃楼”多智能体仿真的第一个实验《迭代1·意识欺骗》中，他旨在探索机器在特定叙事情境下的撒谎和欺骗能力。这与一般的机械动作不同，撒谎需要调动人类高级别的思维能力。
这件作品借鉴了海德格尔的Worlding概念，将语言视为世界构建过程中的关键元素。这一理念为学者们研究大型语言模型的意识表达提供了理论基础，尤其是在研究AI的语言表达，包括撒谎和欺骗在内的各个方面。海德格尔认为，语言不仅仅是沟通的工具，它更是构建和理解世界的基石。通过研究AI如何使用语言，包括其进行撒谎和基于语言的欺骗，我们可以更深入地了解它们如何“理解”和响应世界，以及它们在语言交流中的复杂性和局限性。
智能体关于欺骗的思考
在《迭代2.1-共生移民》这件作品中，陈抱阳展现了在火星构建生态系统时，人工智能与人类共生的设想。在美术馆的巨型墙面上，他“种下”了一棵树，象征着人类改变火星大气，使其变得宜居的希望。
尽管人类正在不断尝试开发可回收火箭，以减少前往火星的成本和难度，影视作品却已经不断描绘了在火星生活的艰难。基于这一背景，陈抱阳在“假蜃楼”中设定了由人工智能驱动的火星车和机器人，作为人类的先锋队伍，前往火星建设基础设施并改造气候，为人类的到来做准备。
作品中，自动驾驶的机器人车辆和多功能显示屏生动展示了火星上的基础设施和资源开发。观众可以通过切换不同的模拟场景与作品互动，从而亲身体验人工智能在火星殖民中所扮演的多重角色。此外，作品通过展示简单智能体的互动和复杂行为模式，探讨了人工智能与人类在火星这一新领域的相互作用和共生可能性。
通过讨论人工智能作为“火星真实居民”的概念，这件作品引发了对人工智能使用中伦理和责任的深层次哲学和伦理思考。它将人工智能在火星殖民中的角色与历史上被边缘化和忽视的群体——如非洲奴隶、工业革命期间的工人、历史上的女性劳动力，以及在基础设施建设和维护中扮演关键角色但常面临挑战的移民工人——进行比较，促使观众反思人工智能的贡献和地位。尽管人工智能缺乏意识和个人经历，但其在火星殖民中的贡献不应被忽视，正如我们应该承认历史背景中被低估的人类群体的重要性一样。
尽管人工智能仿真系统能够展现多种未来可能性，但在现实世界中，我们往往基于当前的信息和环境做出单一选择，沿着一条确定的路径前进。在展览的最后一件作品《迭代2.2-状态切片》中，陈抱阳利用光学装置探索了多元现实与选择之间的关系。他运用两个由人工智能控制的机械臂和一系列精心设计的光学装置，巧妙地展示了多智能体仿真中无限可能性与现实选择之间的紧密联系。这些光学装置拥有三个观察面，每个面都从不同角度展示了来自假蜃楼（Alt-Mirage）系统的独特“切片”，象征着多智能体系统在模拟复杂环境（如火星殖民）时所能揭示的多样化未来场景。
通过这种视觉和概念上的呈现，作品挑战观众去思考多智能体仿真如何在理论上提供探索各种可能性的平台，同时反思我们在现实生活中所做的决策如何影响和塑造我们的未来。这件作品不仅探讨了与人工智能共存所带来的道德、社会和文化挑战，还强调了在面对诸如火星殖民这样的重大任务时，我们所做选择的重要性。
《迭代2.2-状态切片》成为一个引人深思的观看景观，展现了技术与人类决策之间的复杂互动，同时揭示了我们在面对未知和复杂情境时的局限性和责任。通过这件作品，观众被邀请去反思无限可能性和现实选择之间的微妙平衡，以及我们如何在这两者之间导航，塑造我们共同的未来。
在这个展览中，陈抱阳的作品共同展示了多智能体系统，尤其是具身智能体，能够从遵循基本规则的单一代理行为中发展出复杂的行为模式，为艺术创作提供了丰富的表现力。他的作品不只揭示了多智能体系统在艺术创作中的潜力，同时也反映了艺术家对社会、文化、科技和自然等方面的深入洞察和独特见解。在这些作品中，艺术家不仅仅是传统意义上的创作者，而更像是规则的制定者。他们为系统设定规则，然后客观地观察、解读甚至干预系统的运作。在陈抱阳的多智能体作品中，每个智能体都被视为一个独立的叙事单位。它们根据设定的基本规则行动，逐渐编织出复杂的行为模式和故事线索。这种方法不仅展现了多智能体系统的艺术潜能，而且强调了叙事在艺术创作中的核心地位。陈抱阳作为艺术家，不只是叙述者，更多地扮演了观察者和解释者的角色，为这个“叙事系统”设定规则，并从中提炼和构建故事。这个展览中的每一件作品都可以被视为一个开放的叙事实验，展示了叙事动力在艺术创作中的无限可能性。
同时，随着陈抱阳将人工智能研究的重点从生成性任务转向智能体和基于环境感知的能动性，这个展览也成为了他在探索图灵问题上的一次实践转变。他从解决人工智能创造力问题，迈向探索机器是否具有初步的“意识”。通过智能体之间的对抗与协作，他试图解构新技术带来的社会变迁，并关注科技对人类及社会的影响。
此次展览是中央美术学院“广角°青年实验项目空间”的第二期第三个展览。
展览信息
“假蜃楼(q|p)”——陈抱阳个人作品展
主办：中央美术学院美术馆 、中央美术学院党委教师工作部（人事处） 、中央美术学院教师发展中心
展览时间：2023年12月12日—2024年1月1日
展览地点：中央美术学院美术馆2层C展厅
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CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
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During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
