讲座主题：美术馆与摄影及收藏
讲座时间：2024年10月11日15:00-17:00
讲座地点：中央美术学院美术馆学术报告厅
主讲人：王璜生（广州美术学院新美术馆学研究中心主任，中央美术学院教授）
主持人：高高（中央美术学院美术馆副馆长）
2024年10月11日，“从来风俗亦有诗——馆藏作品中的古今人物风貌”展览的系列讲座“美术馆与摄影及收藏”于美术馆学术报告厅举行，该讲座也是此次展览研究工作坊的公开授课之一。
主持人 高高
本场讲座由中央美术学院美术馆副馆长高高主持。讲座伊始，高高对主讲人王璜生教授进行了简要介绍，概述了本期学术讲座的主题、背景与目的，并对王璜生教授的到来表示欢迎。本期讲座以“从来风俗亦有诗”展览中的古代风俗画与摄影作品并置的新展示形式为引，进一步探讨了摄影作为一种影像艺术（而不仅仅是作为新闻资料）进入美术馆体系的历史脉络，以及美术馆围绕摄影学科的多重含义所展开的一系列研究、展示、保护与收藏等工作。
主讲人 王璜生
主讲人王璜生教授从早期中国的美术馆与摄影之间的关系出发，结合具体的西方美术馆案例如纽约现代艺术博物馆(MoMA)的摄影收藏实践，系统阐释了摄影作为一门艺术，在二十世纪时逐渐进入美术馆体系的历程，以及其在新世纪以来的延续与新面貌。这种东西方的差异性，为当下美术馆带来了不一样的思考角度以及可学习借鉴的多重模式。而在新世纪以来，国内各美术馆纷纷结合展览进行了相关工作，逐渐形成一系列可供研究的文本与案例。
在讲座中，王璜生教授以“早期中国的美术馆与摄影”“纽约MoMA美术馆的摄影战略” “新世纪以来中国美术馆的摄影推进”“美术馆的摄影策展”“美术馆的摄影收藏”五个板块逐层论述了中国的美术馆与摄影艺术的多重关系。
一、早期中国的美术馆与摄影
在民国时期，摄影在展览与美术馆制度中的定义与分类较为含混。但它作为“新技术”“新艺术门类”，早已被自觉纳入中国早期的展览体系。而在改革开放后，随着摄影技术不断发展以及对其的认知与创作实践的深入，中国摄影逐渐区分出纪实与创作的概念分野，并最终体现在展览实践当中。
自1929年起，“摄影”便出现在中华民国国民政府教育部举办的“第一届全国美展”与“第二届全国美术展览会”中。此时，摄影作为新的技术与新艺术形态，受到社会的关注与青睐。而在1930年刚落成，由严智开作为首任馆长的天津市立美术馆，就有摄影作品的展出与收藏，其中甚至还成立了“摄影研究会”。
天津市立美术馆旧址图
在改革开放后，1986年4月5日在中国美术馆举办的《“十年一瞬间”——现代摄影沙龙86展》则将摄影的现实主义写实特征引向深处。作为纪实摄影的开端，此次展览旨在通过纪念“四五运动”十周年，呼唤并强调摄影的真实性与记录功能。而在1988年于北京中国美术馆举行的“中国摄影四十年——艰巨历程”摄影展，首次把建国以来的新闻摄影与摄影创作分开，并按时间顺序排列展出，明确提出纪实与创作、历史与现实的不同或对应关系。摄影的自身构架在美术馆与展览体系中得到进一步的区分与说明。
国立美术陈列馆（今江苏省美术馆）
二、纽约MoMA美术馆的摄影战略
纽约现代艺术博物馆(MoMA)立志于建构现代的意识，因而将摄影作为其关注的重要艺术门类。在此之后，MoMA进行的一系列对于摄影的展览、研究与收藏工作都成为了现代艺术史上重要的标志性里程碑。尽管美术馆在1940年才成立摄影部，但是其摄影收藏实践最早可以追溯到1930年——美国摄影师沃克·埃文斯（Walker Evans）的一幅名为《伦布鲁克：一个男人的头像》（Lehmbruck: Head of a Man, 1929）的摄影作品成为第一件入驻MoMA馆藏的摄影作品。它的入驻与此时的馆长阿尔弗雷德·巴尔（Alfred H. Barr）密不可分。
沃克·埃文斯 《伦布鲁克：一个男人的头像》 纽约现代艺术博物馆藏
日后，作为摄影部主任的爱德华·史泰肯（Edward Steichen）和其接任者约翰·萨考夫斯基（John Szarkowski）以及之后的彼得·加拉西 （Peter Galassi），以其开放的胸襟和前瞻性的目光，引导并支持了摄影在20世纪到21世纪的革新与走向。从《摄影：1839一1937年》（Photography: 1839-1937）、《人类一家》（The Family of Man）的摄影史回顾与传统纪实到“新纪实”（New Documents）“新彩色摄影”(New Color Photography) “新摄影”（New Photography）《不止一张照片》（More Than One Photography）等的发展，已成为短暂的摄影史发展脉络中的几处鲜明转折。而MoMA自1985年便开始在其著名的摄影部策展人萨考夫斯基的主导下进行周期性的展览——“新摄影展（New Photography）”。其在当下仍在延续，并在摄影界中保持着举足轻重的地位。
而在艺术出版上，由现代艺术博物馆摄影部第五任主任昆汀·巴耶克（Quentin Bajac）主编的《MoMA摄影史》（Photography at MoMA），依托现代艺术博物馆丰富的摄影藏品，呈现了一部连贯、独特且全面的摄影史。
《MoMA摄影史：1840—1920年》书籍封面 “Photography at MoMA: 1840 to 1920”
三、新世纪以来中国美术馆的摄影推进
近年来，中国多家美术馆与博物馆都加强了摄影收藏。在这一板块中，王璜生教授结合自身的实践，以广东美术馆、中央美术学院美术馆等几个重要机构为代表，从代表性的展览现场出发，为观众勾勒出新世纪以来中国国内美术馆对于摄影的推进与研究。
“首届广州摄影双年展：城市·重视” 展览现场 2005
广东美术馆在2003年举办了《中国人本》展览。而基于在此次展览上形成的思路，“广州国际摄影双年展”在2005年应运而生。在2003年的《中国人本》中，广东美术馆开始形成自己关于摄影的学术态度。在展览前言中，王璜生教授曾这样表示：“人文关怀、历史文化关怀，这既是我们美术馆工作的出发点和责任所在，也是我们工作的动力和精神支撑点。”
《原作100》展览海报 中央美术学院美术馆 2011
2010年开始，中央美术学院美术馆开始主动介入摄影的展览、研究与收藏，策划了《景观·静观》《十年曝光》《原作100》及《久保田博二》《马克·吕布》《罗杰·拜伦》《瓦尔达》等国际重要摄影家展览，并尤为重要地创办了“北京国际摄影双年展”，在国际国内产生了重大的影响。在本期展览“从来风俗亦有诗——馆藏作品中的古今人物风貌”中，这些重要的摄影作品与风俗画共同展出，形成了中央美术学院美术馆中不同门类藏品间的有效互动与联系。
“从来风俗亦有诗——馆藏作品中的古今人物风貌” 展览现场 2024
同时，王璜生教授还提及了个人在参观美国休士顿美术馆（Museum of Fine Arts, MFAH）修复室时的经历，并强调了西方美术馆对于摄影收藏与研究体系的完备性与先进性，以及其对于中国国内美术馆的借鉴意义。在当下，国内大部分美术馆在摄影作品的储存与修复上与国外的相比还相对落后，缺乏一定的针对于底片与相纸等不同摄影成像介质的保护与修复研究。
四、美术馆的摄影策展
策展是美术馆勾连摄影研究、作品展示与收藏等活动的重要实践之一。王璜生教授围绕之前所提及的展览《中国人本》以及如“广州国际摄影双年展”“北京国际摄影双年展”等一系列摄影双年展，详细介绍了其策展理路、部分展览作品内容以及相关思考。
《中国人本》展览海报 广东美术馆 2003
在广东美术馆的摄影策展实践中，《中国人本》着力于借助摄影来展现一个“个性化的中国”“人性化的中国”。展览从更加丰富多元的角度，记录中国的复杂性，集中呈现了中国摄影家跨越五十年的对于中国社会的持续观察，展现出其人文关怀与精神。而在之后的“广州国际摄影双年展”，一共举办了三届，主题分别为——城市·重视（2005）、左右视线（2007）以及看真D.COM（2009）。尽管三届展览有各自的主题和表达的角度，但共同秉持摄影与本土生存相结合、坚持影像的社会学人文立场和多元并置的国际化视野。
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
CAFA Art Museum Publication Authorization Agreement
I fully agree to CAFA Art Museum (CAFAM) submitting to CAFA for publication the images, pictures, texts, writings, and event products (such as works created during participation in workshops) related to me from my participation in public events (including museum member events) organized by the CAFA Art Museum Public Education Department. CAFA can publish these materials by electronic, web, or other digital means, and I hereby agree to be included in the China Knowledge Resource Bank, the CAFA Database, the CAFA Art Museum Database, and related data, documentation, and filing institutions and platforms. Regarding their use in CAFA and dissemination on the internet, I agree to make use of these rights according to the stated Rules.
CAFA Art Museum Event Safety Disclaimer
Article I
This event was organized on the principles of fairness, impartiality, and voluntary participation and withdrawal. Participants undertake all risk and liability for themselves. All events have risks, and participants must be aware of the risks related to their chosen event.
Article II
Event participants must abide by the laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China, as well as moral and ethical norms. All participants must demonstrate good character, respect for others, friendship, and a willingness to help others.
Article III
Event participants should be adults (people 18 years or older with full civil legal capacity). Underage persons must be accompanied by an adult.
Article IV
Event participants undertake all liability for their personal safety during the event, and event participants are encouraged to purchase personal safety insurance. Should an accident occur during an event, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for the accident, but both have the obligation to provide assistance. Event participants should actively organize and implement rescue efforts, but do not undertake any legal or economic liability for the accident itself. The museum does not undertake civil or joint liability for the personal safety of event participants.
Article V
During the event, event participants should respect the order of the museum event and ensure the safety of the museum site, the artworks in displays, exhibitions, and collections, and the derived products. If an event causes any degree of loss or damage to the museum site, space, artworks, or derived products due to an individual, persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for losses. The event participant must negotiate and provide compensation according to the relevant legal statutes and museum rules. The museum may sue for legal and financial liability.
Article VI
Event participants will participate in the event under the guidance of museum staff and event leaders or instructors and must correctly use the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities provided for the event. If a participant causes injury or harm to him/herself or others while using the painting tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, or causes the damage or destruction of the tools, materials, equipment, and/or facilities, the event participant must undertake all related liability and provide compensation for the financial losses. Persons not involved in the accident and the museum do not undertake any liability for personal accidents.
CAFA Art Museum Portraiture Rights Licensing Agreement
According to The Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and The Provisional Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Some Issues Related to the Full Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, and upon friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B have arrived at the following agreement regarding the use of works bearing Party A’s image in order to clarify the rights and obligations of the portrait licenser (Party A) and the user (Party B):
I. General Provisions
(1) Party A is the portraiture rights holder in this agreement. Party A voluntarily licenses its portraiture rights to Party B for the purposes stipulated in this agreement and permitted by law.
(2) Party B (CAFA Art Museum) is a specialized, international modern art museum. CAFA Art Museum keeps pace with the times, and works to create an open, free, and academic space and atmosphere for positive interaction with groups, corporations, institutions, artists, and visitors. With CAFA’s academic research as a foundation, the museum plans multi-disciplinary exhibitions, conferences, and public education events with participants from around the world, providing a platform for exchange, learning, and exhibition for CAFA’s students and instructors, artists from around the world, and the general public. As a public institution, the primary purposes of CAFA Art Museum’s public education events are academic and beneficial to society.
(3) Party B will photograph all CAFA Public Education Department events for Party A.
II. Content, Forms of Use, and Geographical Scope of Use
(1) Content. The content of images taken by Party B bearing Party A’s likeness include: ① CAFA Art Museum ② CAFA campus ③ All events planned or executed by the CAFAM Public Education Department.
(2) Forms of Use. For use in CAFA’s publications, products with CDs, and promotional materials.
(3) Geographical Scope of Use
The applicable geographic scope is global.
The media in which the portraiture may be used encompasses any media that does not infringe upon Party A’s portraiture rights (e.g., magazines and the internet).
III. Term of Portraiture Rights Use
Use in perpetuity.
IV. Licensing Fees
The fees for images bearing Party A’s likeness will be undertaken by Party B.
After completion, Party B does not need to pay any fees to Party A for images bearing Party A’s likeness.
Additional Terms
(1) All matters not discussed in this agreement shall be resolved through friendly negotiation between both parties. Both parties may then sign a supplementary agreement, provided it does not violate any laws or regulations.
(2) This agreement comes into effect on the date that it is signed (sealed) and the relevant boxes are selected by Party A and Party B.
(3) This agreement exists in paper and electronic forms. The paper form is made in duplicate, with Party A and Party B each retaining one copy with the same legal efficacy.
Event participants implicitly accept and undertake all the obligations stated in this agreement. Those who do not consent will be seen as abandoning the right to participate in this event. Before participating in this event, please speak to your family members to obtain their consent and inform them of this disclaimer. After participants sign/check the required box, participants and their families will be seen as having read and agreed to these terms.
I have carefully read and agree to the above provisions.
